聆听非洲未来农民

Jun 7, 2018 Roselyn Mugo

内罗毕—非洲陷入了一场青年就业危机。到2035年，非洲需要大约3.5亿个新工作岗位，其最大产业农业能够提供其中的大部分。但目前，非洲年轻人正在离开田间地头，来到城市中工作。要想填补非洲就业缺口，农业企业必须设法招募更年轻的人手。

这一挑战是我的研究重点。这项研究是由年轻人领衔、研究计划青年智库（Youth Think Tank）与不懈开发乌干达（Restless Development Uganda）和万事达卡基金会（Mastercard Foundation）合作开展的计划的一部分。在最新报告中，我们考察了非洲多国年轻农业专家的经验。我们发现，吸引年轻人重回农场的最佳办法是让他们能够获得和利用新兴技术。

与我们交流的许多年轻人说，他们务农的最大障碍是学习在当今农业市场中获得成功所必须的数字和科技技能。云计算、土地传感器、天气无人机等技术正在改变粮食的生产、包装和分销方式，数字素质（digital literacy）与适耕土地和高质量种子一样重要。因此，如果更多年轻人能够驾驭数字技能，就自然会有更多人在田间地头找到用武之地。

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j. von Hettlingen Jun 11, 2018

Roselyn Mugo is calling for a modernisation of farming methods in Africa and a replacement of its ageing workforce. The average age of an African farmer is about 60, while 60% of the population is under the age of 24. An overhaul would help boost youth employment, and feed the continent’s rising population, which is expected to double by 2050, bringing it to over 2 billion people. The question is how to inspire young Africans to work the land, when they flee en masse for the cities or for Europe in search of work and better livelihoods. Increasingly educated, they see farming as a low income status and many have no appetite to take over family farms.
The author says “if Africa’s employment gap is to be closed, agribusinesses must find ways to recruit younger hands.” She points out that “some 350 million new jobs” need to be created by 2035. As agriculture is the continent’s biggest industry, it “could provide the bulk of them.” Yet based on the current development, the continent’s food production system would meet only 13% of its needs in three decades. The number of hungry people may soon reach 300 million – according to the UN Food and Agriculture Organisation. Over 40% of children under five years old are stunted due to malnutrition.
Moreover crop yields have been largely stagnant over the past 50 years, and less than 6% of agriculture across Africa is irrigated. Due to years of planting crops without replacing nutrients; fertiliser use is by far the lowest in the world with most farmers unable to afford it. The author points out the “competition for land,” that leads to smaller plots when allocated. “To remain profitable, younger growers must produce larger crops from smaller spaces, which requires innovation.” It is crucial to encourage them to run commercially beneficial farms using modern technology.
Experts say, with a uniquely diverse climate and more than half the world’s uncultivated arable land, Africa has the natural resources to drive a boom in agriculture that can lift millions out of poverty. Yet the right economic conditions need to be created, like granting “youth-driven innovations” all the “necessary political or financial backing to make them viable and scalable”. It requires conviction to apprehend that agriculture has the potential to power Africa’s economic transformation.
The author says, “despite having great ideas, most young agricultural innovators do not feel supported in their efforts. Young people can help solve Africa’s unemployment challenges, but those closest to the problem have yet to be made part of the solution.” Not to overlook are the myriad problems in the agricultural sector that include poor infrastructure, making transportation of goods difficult. Ongoing conflicts in certain regions make large tracts of land inaccessible. Good governance and political stability are other important factors that contribute to economic development.
No doubt increasing productivity on farms would improve the incomes and livelihoods of about 60-70% of people, and agriculture could help develop an industry that would create jobs and generate revenues. But it requires political will and stability to oversee a set of reforms and programmes of support that make farming a sustainable business. If the young and educated people could be persuaded to take up farming, it would help create a new class of medium-scale, modern African farmers. The author says, “to breathe new life into Africa’s farms, the entire industry must innovate.” The political establishment and the society need to change their vews and show recognition and regard for those working on the farms.
- Roselyne Mugo Aug 2, 2018
  
  The solutions to some of what have been cited in the article were cited by the late Professor Calestous Juma who argued that farming in Africa can only become profitable once it has been industrialized.
  The workforce in the agricultural sector in Kenya is aging with the sector as most young people would rather sell their parcels of land to move into informal settlements in urban areas for somewhat 'formal jobs'.
  I agree with your sentiments on the need to provide economic conditions. Professor Juma approaches the issue by arguing on the role that the private sector can play in improving the agricultural sector. Are agricultural companies providing incentives to young people to engage in the sector? Are we still observing the exportation of food produce in most countries where value addition does not take place? Are we still stuck in the mass production of farm produce without vale addition processing which leads to more produce but less costs?
  All these factors call to action the industrialization of the 'aging and rainfall dependent' agricultural sector.
  Thank you for the views and I hope you have a look at the report and will be able to share your insights on it.
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Marc Laventurier Jun 7, 2018

"There is currently a growing realization of the rubber might of the African region where most countries still have massive unexploited areas highly conducive for natural rubber. This is likely to lead to the dawn of a new era of fresh investments in NR without affecting the environment and interests of the local population." See: https://www.rubberasia.com/2017/05/22/untapped-africa/
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