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Otto Toivanen

Otto Toivanen

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Otto Toivanen is a professor in the Department of Economics at Aalto University Business School, and an associate editor of the International Journal of Industrial Organization.

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  5. russia apples Erik Romanenko\TASS via Getty Images
    Subscriber Exclusive

    The Coming Food Fight

    The COVID-19 pandemic has caused hunger to spike, highlighting the need for radical reforms of the global food system to ensure its long-term resilience. But many fear that the United Nations Food Systems Summit on September 23 will entrench the current inequitable status quo instead of delivering real change.

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  8. skidelsky168_Cate GillonGetty Images_bank of england Cate GillonGetty Images

    Where Has All the Money Gone?

    Robert Skidelsky

    Quantitative easing risks generating its own boom-and-bust cycles, and can thus be seen as an example of state-created financial instability. Governments must now abandon the fiction that central banks create money independently from government, and must themselves spend the money created at their behest.

     explains why a decade of quantitative easing by central banks has merely fueled financial instability.
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