Since the 1990s, Western companies have invested a fortune in the Chinese economy, and tens of thousands of Chinese students have studied in US and European universities or worked in Western companies. None of this made China more democratic, and now it is heading toward an economic showdown with the US.
argue that the strategy of economic engagement has failed to mitigate the Chinese regime’s behavior.
While Chicago School orthodoxy says that humans can’t beat markets, behavioral economists insist that it’s humans who make markets, which means that humans can strive to improve their functioning. Which claim you believe has important implications for both economic theory and financial regulation.
uses Nobel laureate Robert J. Shiller’s work to buttress the case for a behavioral approach to economics.
发自剑桥——1953年,米尔顿·弗里德曼(Milton Friedman)发表了一篇名为《实施灵活汇率的理由》的论文,认为这些汇率可以通过带来保持经济充分就业所需的适当价格变动来缓解经济遭受的内部和外部冲击。然而在实施了近半个世纪的浮动汇率制度后,大家发现现实要比这来得更复杂。
要理解弗里德曼的逻辑,我们可以设定一个情境:美国的生产率正在上升。在一个有效的体制下,这应该会降低美国商品相对于世界其他地区商品的价格,美国的出口比进口更便宜。随着美国的贸易条件(出口价格与进口价格的比率)持续恶化,需求转向美国商品,令经济可以保持充分就业。
但如果价格存在“粘性”(用生产者的货币计算),那么潜在的症结就会浮现。比如说美国从日本进口的价格对日元是有粘性的,美国对日本的出口价格对美元是有粘性的。只要汇率不变,贸易条件也就不会改变。
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