Culture

假新闻会长期存在吗？

Dec 5, 2018 Joseph S. Nye, Jr.

坎布里奇—“假新闻”一词已成为美国总统特朗普对一切他不喜欢的报道的代名词。但它也是一个分析术语，用来描述以传统新闻报道形式呈现的有意的歪曲。

这不是一个全新的问题。1925年，《哈珀杂志》（Harper’s Magazine）发表了一篇关于“假新闻”的危害的文章。今天，有三分之二的美国成年人从社交媒体获取一些新闻，而社交媒体的业务模式决定了它们极易受到外部操纵，算法也很容易被利润或诽谤目的所利用。

不管是业余人士、犯罪分子还是政府，许多组织——既有本地的，也有外国的——擅长用逆向工程破解科技平台如何解析信息。俄罗斯在这方面堪称高手，它是第一批认识到如何将社交媒体用作武器、利用美国自己的公司的政府之一。

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0 Comments on this paragraph, 11 Comments on this article

Taylor Scribner Dec 11, 2018

I am not optimistic that "Fake News" will ever truly be contained. Humans are social creatures and "Fake News" is an inherently social activity. When we read something outrageous, something we simply cannot believe, we feel the compulsion to share what we've read with someone else, if only to get their opinion on it (or because we want to see the look on their face as they read it!) As long as people have a way to share content, whether it be by social media, email, print or word of mouth, it seems very likely to me that "Fake News" will survive if not thrive as global communications become increasingly facilitated.
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Gerald Silverberg Dec 10, 2018

As long as internet platforms have an incentive to propagate clickbait (aka fake news), it's never going to disappear simply because of bad publicity, shaming, and fact checking.

The replacement of ad-based commercial television by a subscription model (Netflix, HBO etc) offers some hope, however. The traditional subscription model of media never prevent sponsored propaganda, but it does compartmentalize dissemination of the lowest common denominator and raise standards by creating platform reputations.

So let's start by banning the "free", advertising-based business model.
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Alvaro Gomez-Jordana Moya Dec 8, 2018

Brilliant editorial
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Marc Laventurier Dec 7, 2018

Sure, "constant vigilance" in the form of an acute intelligence attached to a nose that can smell a rat 20k km away, e.g., RT. But the bulk of unprincipled suasion in the US is domestic, through Fox, the NRA, APAC, Roy Cohn acolytes, etc. Americans have been bred for generations to be gullible, and long ago alienated the decent and civilized everywhere while remaining a dependable line-item on Bloomberg terminals. The world awaits new cultural and economic institutions designed from a deep place in human potential, a natural feature of which is an instinct for intellectual honesty.
- Marc Laventurier Dec 9, 2018
  
  If anyone's interested, just remembered an illustrative but narrow case of thwarted industrial FUD involving open source CPU IP. It accents the role of intellectual integrity across a principled and sophisticated community. See: https://www.theregister.co.uk/2018/07/10/arm_riscv_website/
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Patrick Fox Dec 6, 2018

Fake news via social media platforms is a single piece of a much larger issue negatively impacting the media industry.
As big a problem as fake news, is media bias, and the 24-hour cable TV news cycle. Because there is not enough important reportable news within a 24-hour cycle, the cable networks have moved from traditional news outlets to exaggerated op-ed producers. Every story is angled to the political leanings of the networks and hosts.
With viewership falling across cable platforms, and the need to produce content over a 24-hour period, the networks increasingly sensationalize every story and skew the story toward there demographic viewership.
Given this, the networks have morphed into extensions of our political parties with every message / story tailored to the audience / base.
Given the need for content, viewership and ratings, this will not change.
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Peter Schaeffer Dec 6, 2018

Of course, Fake News is here to stay. Does anyone really think the mainstream media is going to stop lying about the non-existent "Muslim Travel Ban"? Start calling "undocumented immigrants", illegal aliens.

The real world definition of "Fake News", is anything (be it accurate or not) that the liberal/left establishment doesn't like. Total falsehoods that reflect the biases of the liberal/left establishment are in no danger of public attack.
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P. Kamath Dec 6, 2018

Prof. Nye has made an excellent analysis here. Fake news can be created switch minimal efforts by any mischief minded amateur as it costs nothing. Selecting ambiguous words, dates, paraphrasing etc are useful tools. Once it is in the media it will take its own shape. T will spread like brush fire!

If caught, the perpetrator can always plead ' Freedom of Speech ' rights and can get away with crime,

So Fake News is here to stay!
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j. von Hettlingen Dec 6, 2018

Joseph S. Nye fears that fake news will not go anywhere, because the manipulation of mass information has been around for centuries, only that the term “fake news” is of recent times. In the Trump era it has rapidly become a catch-all term to discredit all kinds of stories. But fake news is completely made up, manipulated to resemble credible journalism, designed to deceive readers to attract maximum attention and, with it, advertising revenue.
Freedom of speech in a democracy is a tool for good and evil. The loopholes have been exploited by rogue actors, using the KGB-style techniques of misinformation and the 21st century of communication technology. With the help of fake news sites, bots and trolls, misinformation spreads fast. As lies and falsehoods regenerate themselves, they reinforce opinions with certain algorithms.
Raising public awareness may be the only appropriate action for damage control, and we need to be smarter at recognising and combating outright fabrication. A poll after the 2016 US election lends weight to the suggestion that the result was influenced by a widespread belief in fake news among Trump supporters. Another serious threat posed to the democratic process was Russian meddling, which helped elect Trump, whose wrecking-ball presidency has served the world as a weckup call.
The author says “experience from European elections suggests that investigative journalism and alerting the public in advance can help inoculate voters against disinformation campaigns.” As a force of insidious evil, fake news has become a global problem, and our battle with distorting politics “is likely to remain a cat-and-mouse game between its purveyors and the companies whose platforms they exploit.”
While hoaxes and lies reach billions instantly and online manipulation is becoming ever more sophisticated, journalistic integrity has gained traction. In a world where false and misleading information pose a threat to social stability, governments are increasingly turning to legislation to combat fake news.
It is true that “imposing limits on free speech, protected by the First Amendment of the US Constitution, raises difficult practical problems.While machines and non-US actors have no First Amendment rights (and private companies are not bound by the First Amendment in any case), abhorrent domestic groups and individuals do, and they can serve as intermediaries for foreign influencers.”
Although the First Amendment guarantees freedom of expression, there should also be limits on free speech, which come from the basic principle that you are not allowed to hold a hate speech or something similar to harm others. The author says the “problem of fake news and foreign impersonation of real news sources is difficult to resolve because it involves trade-offs among our important values.”
And social media companies, “wary of coming under attack for censorship, want to avoid regulation by legislators who criticize them for both sins of omission and commission.” In Europe new laws oblige social media platforms to name advertisers who finance the content, and the amount paid. Media platforms have to remove terror-related content, racist material, fake news etc. or face fines of up to €50m.
Apart from legislation, citizens in a civil society can also take actions to counter fake news, like fact-checking and debunking. The problem is that fact-checkers do not always step in until after publication, by which time it’s too late. Besides a fact-checked story does not always convince and prove effective. The author says, “the damage done by foreign actors may be less than the damage we do to ourselves.” There is a credibility problem, when people do not believe mainstream media and political elites.
This is especially true in the US, when a majority of Americans believe that mainstream news outlets report "fake news." These findings are troubling, because confidence in an independent fourth estate is a cornerstone of a healthy democracy. Unfortunately right-leaning media outlets promote the lies that mainstream media peddle “fake” stories. Trump, who originally used the term "fake news," has continued to frequently slam the mainstream media. Fortunately they are still resilient and will survive his destructive presidency.
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假新闻会长期存在吗？

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