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Politics

为何美国人容易接受俄罗斯伪信息

Nov 7, 2017 Kent Harrington

亚特兰大—在特朗普担任美国总统一周年之际，特朗普如何赢得大选的问题仍在受到人们的关注，而俄罗斯在从中所扮演的角色越来越重要。对俄罗斯操纵2016年选战的调查的每一次案情公布，都让美国民主程序的脆弱性遭到更严重的关注。

上周，国会公布了一项立法，强制要求Facebook、谷歌和其他社交媒体巨头披露谁在购买在线广告，从而堵住在选举期间被俄罗斯所利用的漏洞。但通过技术手段修修补补和公开承诺担当更好的公司公民只能解决最公开化的问题。

更棘手的挑战是强化对民主的运行至关重要的制度——具体而言，就是公民教育和地方新闻（local journalism）。在这些领域取得进步之前，对美国民主程序的威胁还会不断加剧，每次选举都会浮出水面。

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0 Comments on this paragraph, 7 Comments on this article

Kerry Pechter Feb 18, 2018

There's a slight "blame the victim" aftertaste to this earnest comment. Consider as an alternative the possible structural culpability of 'public' corporations. They not only have an infinite, indiscriminate and loyalty-free appetite for privatizing profit and socializing costs. They also turn members of the global intelligentsia, through the intelligentsia's concentrated ownership of financial assets, into their passive, paralyzed, in-denial accomplices. More to the point, some of those public corporations are media companies. Trump owes his election as much to actively self-enriching help from the corporate Fourth Estate (and not merely from that segment controlled by a certain amoral news mogul from Australia) as to the real and regrettable failures of American education to teach and American journalism to inform.
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Nathan W Feb 18, 2018

The questions on "the three branches" may provide misinformative results.

For example, if they know that the president has a veto, that the Supreme Court can strike down many things (with some time- and context-specific awareness of when this may be done), and that many things need to go through both the Senate and House of Representatives (and not just one of them) in order to become law, then they may well have better knowledge than many people who can explicitly name "the three branches" of the legislative house, the highest court and the executive as named in high school civics.

Maybe not. But maybe. A well-designed survey question or two could probably tease this out easily.
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Steve Bull Nov 8, 2017

For a country that has probably interfered more in virtually every other country on the planet for the past 50+ years to maintain their geopolitical and economic hegemony, I find the neurosis displayed by some Americans about 'possible' interference in their politics hypocrisy in the extreme. Americans should probably be more concerned with their own political class and their ongoing criminal behaviour, both domestically and internationally, that undermines their 'representative' democracy than a few 'possible' Facebook ads and Twitter comments.
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j. von Hettlingen Nov 8, 2017

Kent Harrington says Russia's endeavour to spread fake news and propaganda ahead of last year's election would not have paid off, had the US not had a "poorly educated electorate susceptible to manipulation." Indeed, education has become the greatest divide of all – splitting voters into two increasingly hostile camps. Yet often it is not just a clash between the ignorant and the enlightened. Race, gender and social belongingness play an equally crucial role.
Since Trump's election the intelligence community has been revealing the extent of Russian meddling with the help of the "world’s marquee names" like Facebook, Google, Twitter etc. On some of these media platforms Russia had bought ads for a small amount of money, that may have reached as many as 120 million netizens. Given the low costs involved, the Kremlin had reaped a heavy harvest, exploiting mechanisms that "maximize clicks, shares, and likes,” as well as sophisticated algorithms.
The other problem is - what the author sees as - the "erosion of civics education in schools, the shuttering of local newspapers – and the consequent decline in the public’s understanding of issues and the political process – conspire to create fertile ground for the sowing of disinformation." He gives a staggering number of Americans, who have absolutely no idea about how their country is being structured and governed.
That politics has turned into a contest between ignorance and knowledge is confirmed by the number of "gullible" voters who fall for "bogus news or inflammatory disinformation." Changes in the news industry pose also a threat to in-depth journalism as advertising revenue that used to keep traditional media outlets afloat, moves to the Internet, enabling social media to "become many people's main source of news." This ushers in a gradual decline of traditional news organisations - with local newspapers "steadily disappearing, shrinking voters’ access to information that is vital to making informed political decisions."
Trump's popularity has also to do with the way he taps into the emotions of many Americans, appealing to the basest instincts, instilling fear and - most of all - evoking anger at a certain situation, towards the government etc. Some how a solid education seems no longer relevant to many people, because they fail to realise that knowledge is key to the improvement of professional development, which per se would alleviate poverty. A better standard of living and quality of life do help manage one's anger and frustration.
For the good of the population, media outlets need to bear their share of the social responsibility by ditching the corporate mentality, which has driven "small-market newspapers" in rural areas out of business, "concentrating the industry into fewer hands. The result has been layoffs, cost-cutting, and diminished reporting on national and local issues." In the absence of reliable sources, many Americans inform themselves on the Internet, without being able to seprate wheat from chaff.
The author says, Russia’s intervention in the 2016 presidential election was "historic, but it was also symptomatic of bigger challenges facing Americans. A population that does not fully understand its own democracy should concern not only civics teachers, but national security experts as well." The neglect at the hands of politicians in the past has come back to haunt the establishment. "The US didn’t need Putin to deliver that lesson." The author quotes Thomas Jefferson: “If a nation expects to be ignorant and free.... it expects what never was and never will be.”
Bernie Sanders understands what a difference an affordable, quality education would make. Americans have learned the downsides of commercialisation of education. Now they need to think about their competitiveness on the world market and the future of the coming generations, if the country is to move forward.
A new reply to this comment has been posted.
j. von Hettlingen Nov 8, 2017

Kent Harrington says Russia's endeavour to spread fake news and propaganda ahead of last year's election would not have paid off, had the US not had a "poorly educated electorate susceptible to manipulation." Indeed, education has become the greatest divide of all – splitting voters into two increasingly hostile camps. Yet often it is not just a clash between the ignorant and the enlightened. Race, gender and social belongingness play an equally crucial role.
Since Trump's election the intelligence community has been revealing the extent of Russian meddling with the help of the "world’s marquee names" like Facebook, Google, Twitter etc. On some of these media platforms Russia had bought ads for a small amount of money, that may have reached as many as 120 million netizens. Given the low costs involved, the Kremlin had reaped a heavy harvest, exploiting mechanisms that "maximize clicks, shares, and likes,” as well as sophisticated algorithms.
The other problem is - what the author sees as - the "erosion of civics education in schools, the shuttering of local newspapers – and the consequent decline in the public’s understanding of issues and the political process – conspire to create fertile ground for the sowing of disinformation." He gives a staggering number of Americans, who have absolutely no idea about how their country is being structured and governed.
That politics has turned into a contest between ignorance and knowledge is confirmed by the number of "gullible" voters who fall for "bogus news or inflammatory disinformation." Changes in the news industry pose also a threat to in-depth journalism as advertising revenue that used to keep traditional media outlets afloat, moves to the Internet, enabling social media to "become many people's main source of news." This ushers in a gradual decline of traditional news organisations - with local newspapers "steadily disappearing, shrinking voters’ access to information that is vital to making informed political decisions."
Trump's popularity has also to do with the way he taps into the emotions of many Americans, appealing to the basest instincts, instilling fear and - most of all - evoking anger at a certain situation, towards the government etc. Some how a solid education seems no longer relevant to many people, because they fail to realise that knowledge is key to the improvement of professional development, which per se would alleviate poverty. A better standard of living and quality of life do help manage one's anger and frustration.
For the good of the population, media outlets need to bear their share of the social responsibility by ditching the corporate mentality, which has driven "small-market newspapers" in rural areas out of business, "concentrating the industry into fewer hands. The result has been layoffs, cost-cutting, and diminished reporting on national and local issues." In the absence of reliable sources, many Americans inform themselves on the Internet, without being able to seprate wheat from chaff.
The author says, Russia’s intervention in the 2016 presidential election was "historic, but it was also symptomatic of bigger challenges facing Americans. A population that does not fully understand its own democracy should concern not only civics teachers, but national security experts as well." The neglect at the hands of politicians in the past has come back to haunt the establishment. "The US didn’t need Putin to deliver that lesson." The author quotes Thomas Jefferson: “If a nation expects to be ignorant and free.... it expects what never was and never will be.”
Bernie Sanders understands what a difference an affordable, quality education would make. Americans have learned the downsides of commercialisation of education. Now they need to think about their competitiveness on the world market and the future of the coming generations, if the country is to move forward.
A new reply to this comment has been posted.
j. von Hettlingen Nov 8, 2017

Kent Harrington says Russia's endeavour to spread fake news and propaganda ahead of last year's election would not have paid off, had the US not had a "poorly educated electorate susceptible to manipulation." Indeed, education has become the greatest divide of all – splitting voters into two increasingly hostile camps. Yet often it is not just a clash between the ignorant and the enlightened. Race, gender and social belongingness play an equally crucial role.
Since Trump's election the intelligence community has been revealing the extent of Russian meddling with the help of the "world’s marquee names" like Facebook, Google, Twitter etc. On some of these media platforms Russia had bought ads for a small amount of money, that may have reached as many as 120 million netizens. Given the low costs involved, the Kremlin had reaped a heavy harvest, exploiting mechanisms that "maximize clicks, shares, and likes,” as well as sophisticated algorithms.
The other problem is - what the author sees as - the "erosion of civics education in schools, the shuttering of local newspapers – and the consequent decline in the public’s understanding of issues and the political process – conspire to create fertile ground for the sowing of disinformation." He gives a staggering number of Americans, who have absolutely no idea about how their country is being structured and governed.
That politics has turned into a contest between ignorance and knowledge is confirmed by the number of "gullible" voters who fall for "bogus news or inflammatory disinformation." Changes in the news industry pose also a threat to in-depth journalism as advertising revenue that used to keep traditional media outlets afloat, moves to the Internet, enabling social media to "become many people's main source of news." This ushers in a gradual decline of traditional news organisations - with local newspapers "steadily disappearing, shrinking voters’ access to information that is vital to making informed political decisions."
Trump's popularity has also to do with the way he taps into the emotions of many Americans, appealing to the basest instincts, instilling fear and - most of all - evoking anger at a certain situation, towards the government etc. Some how a solid education seems no longer relevant to many people, because they fail to realise that knowledge is key to the improvement of professional development, which per se would alleviate poverty. A better standard of living and quality of life do help manage one's anger and frustration.
For the good of the population, media outlets need to bear their share of the social responsibility by ditching the corporate mentality, which has driven "small-market newspapers" in rural areas out of business, "concentrating the industry into fewer hands. The result has been layoffs, cost-cutting, and diminished reporting on national and local issues." In the absence of reliable sources, many Americans inform themselves on the Internet, without being able to seprate wheat from chaff.
The author says, Russia’s intervention in the 2016 presidential election was "historic, but it was also symptomatic of bigger challenges facing Americans. A population that does not fully understand its own democracy should concern not only civics teachers, but national security experts as well." The neglect at the hands of politicians in the past has come back to haunt the establishment. "The US didn’t need Putin to deliver that lesson." The author quotes Thomas Jefferson: “If a nation expects to be ignorant and free.... it expects what never was and never will be.”
Bernie Sanders understands what a difference an affordable, quality education would make. Americans have learned the downsides of commercialisation of education. Now they need to think about their competitiveness on the world market and the future of the coming generations, if the country is to move forward.
A new reply to this comment has been posted.
Steve Hurst Nov 7, 2017

It is no wonder there is opportunity for external parties to dabble for globally the online noise is deafening in the lead up to the US elections with pro one side or the other blatantly pushing a storyline only to disappear past election day so it is obviously a paid activity. Contacting the various hosts as to the dubious nature of this event leads to a garbled response about freedom of speech, the cure-all for inaction
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