Since 1960, only a few countries in Latin America have narrowed the gap between their per capita income and that of the United States, while most of the region has lagged far behind. Making up for lost ground will require a coordinated effort, involving both technocratic tinkering and bold political leadership.
explain what it will take finally to achieve economic convergence with advanced economies.
Between now and the end of this decade, climate-related investments need to increase by orders of magnitude to keep the world on track toward achieving even more ambitious targets by mid-century. Fortunately, if done right, such investments could usher in an entirely new and better economy.
explains what it will take to mobilize capital for the net-zero transition worldwide.
发自西雅图——在发生了近期货币政策史上其中一个最大幅度转向的2019年过去后,各国中央银行如今希望在2020年实现安宁与平静。这对于欧洲中央银行和美联储这两个世界最强大的货币机构说尤其如此。然而安宁与平静能否实现越来越不受它们的直接控制。如果市场屈从于任何数量的中期不确定性因素(其中许多因素远远超出了经济和金融范畴,延伸到了地缘政治,机构体制以及国内社会和政治状况领域),它们的希望就极易破灭。
就在一年多前,欧洲央行和美联储正逐步收缩其大规模扩张的资产负债表,同时美联储正在将利率从全球金融危机中首次下达的水平逐步提高。在多年依赖于超低或负利率以及大规模资产购买之后,两家机构都试图将其货币政策正常化。美联储在2018年四次提高利率并暗示将在2019年进一步加息,并将其资产负债表放开到“自动驾驶”状态。欧洲央行已结束其资产负债表扩张并开始摆脱进一步的刺激措施。
转眼一年后,所有这些措施都遭到了逆转。美联储非但没有在2019年进一步加息,反而三度降息;它不仅没有缩减资产负债表,还在去年最后四个月大幅扩大,幅度甚至超过了危机以来的任何同比时期;它远未表示其利率结构将最终正常化,而是强行进入了一个“更长期更低利率”范式。欧洲央行也将其利率结构进一步推向了负数区,并重启了资产购买计划。于是乎美联储和欧洲央行为世界范围内的多次降息扫清了道路,创造了有史以来其中一个最为宽松的全球货币条件。
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