

Nearly three months after Russia launched its invasion, Western countries appear more committed than ever to Ukraine’s defense, and, in some quarters, to Russia’s defeat. We asked PS commentators what outcome the West, Russia, and Ukrainians themselves can realistically expect.
发自伦敦——美国总统特朗普对伊朗施加的制裁已经开始严重破坏该国经济。原本看似被伊朗总统哈桑·鲁哈尼(Hassan Rouhani)成功压制的通货膨胀卷土重来,在2018年达到了31%的水平。根据国际货币基金组织的估算,今年伊朗经济将萎缩6%,通胀率或会达到37%。伊朗国内多个行业都举步维艰,失业率一路攀升。为了将伊朗石油出口量降到零,特朗普甚至威胁要制裁中国,印度和日本这些持续购买伊朗石油的国家。
虽然特朗普这些单方面制裁让伊朗吃尽了苦头,但这些政策真的是美国政府预想中的的“灵丹妙药”吗?
自一战以来,各国政府越来越倾向于使用经济制裁来实现其国际政治目标。但尽管积累了一个世纪的操作经验,动用这些措施的理由却远未能让人信服。
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