Given this summer's climate-driven disasters, one might think that the European political system would be devising comprehensive adaptation plans. But, despite some steps in the right direction, Europeans are only just waking up to the constitutional implications of a changing physical environment.
thinks a changing climate will force the European Union finally to embrace its political nature.
发自巴黎—新型冠状病毒危机正在使法国陷入停顿,法国国家统计局指出经济活动相对正常水平下降了35%,同时估计家庭消费也出现了类似幅度的下降。
这些数字意味着每封锁一个月都会使年度GDP下降三个百分点。而各经济部门的情况显然更糟:商业产出下降40%,制造业产出下降50%,一些服务业已完全陷入停滞。事前对德国和英国的估算较为相似,要说有什么不同的话,就是那些公共部门规模较小的经济体相应下跌数字可能更大。
鉴于原本蓬勃发展的企业也可能在几周内被这种巨大的冲击搞垮,因此各国政府的应对大同小异。为了防止企业破产,它们以大规模信贷担保和递延纳税的形式(其中许多将永远无需缴纳)将流动性的输液管延伸到了私营企业。德国将推出4000亿欧元的公共担保以确保其银行能向企业实施贷款滚动延期。总体而言,欧元区针对企业和员工的财政流动性计划规模相当于其GDP的13%。
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