J. Bradford DeLong, Professor of Economics at the University of California, Berkeley, is a research associate at the National Bureau of Economic Research and the author of Slouching Towards Utopia: An Economic History of the Twentieth Century (Basic Books, 2022). He was Deputy Assistant US Treasury Secretary during the Clinton Administration, where he was heavily involved in budget and trade negotiations. His role in designing the bailout of Mexico during the 1994 peso crisis placed him at the forefront of Latin America’s transformation into a region of open economies, and cemented his stature as a leading voice in economic-policy debates.
伯克利——我于去年秋天出版的关于20世纪经济史的著作并不包括相关章节,涉及未来问题或“接下来应当采取哪些举措,”因为我的常规合著者斯蒂芬·科恩说服了我,让我相信无论撰写什么内容,都会在6个月内成为过时而愚蠢的。他其实是对的:这样的观点最好留到像本篇这样的评论中。因此,如果我撰写了展望未来的最后章节,我应该怎么说?
在进入这部分假象的文字前,我认为,在历史绝大部分时间里,人类都太过贫穷,以至于政治治理除精英武力统治和借助欺诈手段为自己聚敛财富和资源外,几乎无法实现任何目标。但在1870年,现代经济增长的火箭点火发射,导致此后每代人的技术能力都有了翻番的增长。突然间,我们看似找到了烤出足够大经济蛋糕的方法,让每个人都能吃饱。如果我们能解决分配和消费等次级问题,让每个人都感觉安全、健康和快乐,那么某种形式的乌托邦就是触手可及的目标。
但有些地方出问题了。在1870~2010年间,人类并没有疾驰、快跑、慢跑、小跑甚至是走向乌托邦。我们充其量表现得懒懒散散——甚至并不总能朝向正确的方向。本世纪第1个10年,经济增长的引擎显然已经开始出现故障。我们不仅不能继续指望快速增长,而且,气候变化等撼动全新文明的威胁也不得不考虑到。
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