Since 1960, only a few countries in Latin America have narrowed the gap between their per capita income and that of the United States, while most of the region has lagged far behind. Making up for lost ground will require a coordinated effort, involving both technocratic tinkering and bold political leadership.
explain what it will take finally to achieve economic convergence with advanced economies.
Between now and the end of this decade, climate-related investments need to increase by orders of magnitude to keep the world on track toward achieving even more ambitious targets by mid-century. Fortunately, if done right, such investments could usher in an entirely new and better economy.
explains what it will take to mobilize capital for the net-zero transition worldwide.
发自巴塞罗那——去年的诺贝尔经济学奖颁给了两位研究银行挤兑动态的经济学家以及美国联邦储备委员会前主席本·伯南克(Ben Bernanke),以表彰他对中央银行如何处理一些史上最严重银行危机(比如1930年代大萧条期间危机)的分析。时间刚过了半年我们就目睹了另一场银行挤兑,其传染效应可能破坏经济稳定,引发经济衰退,并给纳税人带来高额成本。
银行在经济中扮演着双重角色,吸收短期存款和储蓄,然后用这些储蓄以抵押贷款,商业贷款和其他投资的形式发放长期贷款。当有足够多的储户担心银行可能破产并让他们的储蓄化为乌有时就会出现挤兑现象。他们会跑到银行提取资金,但由于银行已将这些资金用于它所提供的其他服务,它已经资不抵债。在目睹了这些挤兑事件后,美国总统富兰克林·罗斯福的政府(随后是全球其他政府)创建了存款保险方案以减轻储户对自己在挤兑之后连一点钱都拿不回来的担忧。
但我们现在有一个可以永远终结银行挤兑的技术解决方案。一个国家的货币当局可以引入中央银行数字货币,并为所有储户(纳税人)在中央银行设立有息账户。这样一个系统将通过使更大范围的支付系统变得更为流畅来消除许多金融交易障碍。
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