J. Bradford DeLong, Professor of Economics at the University of California, Berkeley, is a research associate at the National Bureau of Economic Research and the author of Slouching Towards Utopia: An Economic History of the Twentieth Century (Basic Books, 2022). He was Deputy Assistant US Treasury Secretary during the Clinton Administration, where he was heavily involved in budget and trade negotiations. His role in designing the bailout of Mexico during the 1994 peso crisis placed him at the forefront of Latin America’s transformation into a region of open economies, and cemented his stature as a leading voice in economic-policy debates.
伯克利—对名义利率为零或接近于零的国家来说,财政刺激应该是无脑选择。只要政府借贷利率低于通货膨胀、劳动力增长和劳动生产率增长率之和,新增债务的分期偿还成本就是负数。与此同时,增加支出的好处是巨大的。大型工业化经济体或协调扩张的凯恩斯货币乘数据信在2左右——这意味着增加一美元财政支出可以提振约两美元真实GDP。
一些人说,一旦经济复苏、利率升高,政府有可能无法对财政政策进行合适的调整。但这一观点似是而非。想追求坏政策的政府无论今天做出怎样的决定都会这样做。而即使这一风险确实存在,也可以用刺激所带来的实实在在的好处抵消:劳动力技能改善、商业投资增加、商业模式发展加速,以及有用的新基础设施。
厌恶财政扩张是一种原始思维,而不是务实考虑。合格的经济学家都能算出美国、德国和英国有着足够大的财政乘数;足够强的基础设施、投资和其他需求提振措施的溢出效应;以及让大幅扩张性政策成为最优选择的充足的金融空间。
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