WASHINGTON, DC – El oro alemán cambiará de lugar. Por primera vez desde que las transacciones oficiales con oro se hicieron más transparentes, las autoridades alemanas transferirán hacia el país una parte significativa de sus reservas de oro que actualmente están en Francia y los Estados Unidos, según ha informado el Bundesbank. Claramente se trata solo de una cuestión de gestión monetaria. Pero, ¿por qué ahora?
Una posibilidad es que los responsables del diseño de políticas alemanas piensan que estamos llegando a una situación de “sálvese quien pueda” –y solamente el oro resguardado por uno mismo tiene valor.
No obstante, esto es demasiado exagerado. Un mundo en el que la confianza financiera entre Alemania y Francia o Alemania y los Estados Unidos desapareciera por completo tendría problemas mucho mayores que decidir dónde poner el oro de un país. El comercio internacional se desplomaría y las principales empresas globales tendrían dificultades para vender sus productos. Tener el oro en casa o en las bóvedas de la Reserva Federal de Nueva York no tendría gran importancia en tal situación.
¿Acaso piensa Alemania que su oro será objeto de sanciones o de algún tipo de confiscación –como a veces sucede en los Estados renegados? Esto también es muy poco probable. Países como Irán o Venezuela hacen muchos esfuerzos para convertirse en parias internacionales. En contraste, Alemania es un pilar del mundo democrático. Eso no va a cambiar.
Tal vez los funcionarios del banco central de Alemania perciban que a largo plazo las preferencias internacionales se alejarán del dólar y deseen estar preparados en cierto modo. Esto es factible en términos de una futura disminución de la importancia del dólar como moneda de reserva y refugio. Las reservas denominadas en dólares (principalmente de los bancos centrales) eran de aproximadamente el 2% del PIB de los Estados Unidos en 1948 y en 1968. Actualmente estas reservas son de al menos el 15% del PIB estadounidense –y algunas estimaciones la cifran en hasta el 30%.
Gran parte de este aumento se deriva de una prosperidad creciente y superávits en cuenta corriente en países de ingresos medios. Cuando al mundo se le vende más de lo que se le compra, se acumulan activos en el mundo –y se necesita decidir la forma en qué se desea conservar esos activos.
Hasta el momento, el mundo tiene muchos activos en dólares estadounidenses, y no sería sorprendente que en el futuro se realice una mayor diversificación de portafolios. Sin duda, se habla mucho del creciente papel internacional del renminbi –tema que es objeto de un interesante trabajo por parte de mi colega, Arvind Subramanian, del Instituto Peterson de Economía Internacional.
Sin embargo, en este sentido no es muy útil cambiar de lugar el oro de Alemania. Lo que sí ayudaría sería rescatar la imagen del euro –para convencer a los inversionistas de que la moneda común tiene un futuro brillante porque está sostenida por una unión fuerte en los aspectos político, financiero, fiscal y monetario. Cuando se ven las cosas desde esta perspectiva, la ubicación física del oro es mero entretenimiento.
Es como si las élites políticas alemanas pensaran que estamos de nuevo en la era del patrón oro. Pero incluso en ese entonces lo que importaba era la cantidad de oro que se poseía –no dónde estaba guardado.
La tendencia más general e inquietante es la politización de la banca central. Figuras políticas centrales de Alemania desconfían cada vez más del Banco Central Europeo, y también expresan públicamente sus dudas sobre la política monetaria de la Reserva Federal estadounidense.
Su temor es la perspectiva de inflación. No obstante, lo que les inquieta verdaderamente no es en sí la inflación –es decir, que los precios podrían aumentar súbitamente este año o el siguiente. En cambio, les preocupa que los bancos centrales perciban demasiado tarde que está aumentando la inflación, y que ello provoque una fuerte alza de las perspectivas de dicho índice.
De nuevo, cambiar de lugar el oro no sirve de nada para mantener bajo control la inflación o modificar la conducta de los bancos centrales. La relación entre monedas y oro se rompió irrevocablemente en 1971, cuando el presidente estadounidense, Richard Nixon, decidió suspender la convertibilidad de dólares en oro a los bancos centrales. Desde entonces, hemos vivido en un sistema monetario puramente fiduciario –lo que significa que el valor de nuestro dinero no está respaldado por oro u otro objeto físico. Dichos sistemas monetarios tienen éxito mientras el banco central se comprometa creíblemente a tener la inflación bajo control.
Así pues, parecería que los políticos alemanes están sufriendo graves delirios sobre la importancia del oro y los efectos de cambiarlo de lugar. Pero tienen razón en inquietarse por las políticas del BCE: Ofrecer crédito incondicional a los gobiernos de la eurozona no ayudará a que éstos sean más prudentes. Existe el riesgo real de que la “supremacía fiscal” socavará la política monetaria y dificultará mucho más mantener controlada la inflación.
La fascinación alemana con el oro es una pista falsa. Su temor a una política monetaria incontrolable, no.
Traducción de Kena Nequiz


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Anonymous HopefulSkeptic
Dear Dr. Johnson,
I find you to be one of the best and most open-minded economists that exists in today's world. Your documentary on the fiscal crisis was one of a kind, and I think that anyone who wants to know what happened would be well-advised to watch it. I also am impressed with your projections of threats to the US Dollar and proposed solutions to protect its status in the world.
In spite of all this, I respectfully disagree with you on the issue of gold repatriation to Germany. Gold repatriation is, so to speak, realpolitik. It is indeed Germany that is in charge of the European Union. Germany is the largest economy in the EU, and it possesses the greatest economic and political clout of any nation in the EU. Germany is repatriating its gold because it wishes to be in control of its assets. Consider the colossal failures of two European nations: Britain and Switzerland. Both nations lost billions of dollars by selling gold at its lowest points.
Former Prime Minister Gordon Brown's ill-advised selling of the UK's gold cost the nation £9 billion.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Brown
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2118319/Budget-2012-How-lost-9BILLION-Gordon-Brown-selling-gold-cheap.html
Michael Paprotta cost the Swiss $60 billion USD when he sold 1300 tons of the precious metal.
http://www.zerohedge.com/news/2012-10-04/resume-day-meet-man-who-sold-1300-tons-swiss-gold
http://www.zerohedge.com/news/2012-10-05/turns-out-dumping-1300-tons-swiss-gold-isnt-resume-builder-after-all
"The broader and more worrying trend is the politicization of central banking."
I must say that I find it rather ironic that an economist of your caliber is talking of politicization of central banking as if it represents anything other than the status quo (though it ought not be status quo). I'm not sure if you are aware or not, but the BIS (Bank for International Settlements, which was initially part of the World Bank Group) was the meeting place of central bankers around the world during World War II (WW2). Bankers around the world funded both sides of the war, even though their respective countries were at war with each other. What this demonstrates is that some central bankers were essentially financial mercenaries during WWII.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/mbhistory/html/NF2233809?thread=7843142
http://filmakers.com/index.php?a=filmDetail&filmID=1013
While a global gold standard is ill-advised (because nations and central banks always overspend beyond their means) it is rather telling that the World Bank for International Settlements (BIS, from which "World" has been removed to hide its relation from the World Bank Group, i.e. the quasi-secret Global Central Bank that exists in Switzerland) once proposed a global gold standard.
http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60F12F73F58177A93CAA8178ED85F408385F9
But this is only part of the story. Germany is the true master of Europe. It is a sad tale, but the other nations have given up their sovereignty so that they could join the economic and political union that is the EU. When citizens of nations voted against being part of the Union, as the Irish did, they were blackmailed with bankruptcy and forced to revote a year or two later. What kind of so-called union demands its citizens to reconsider their opinion on so grave a matter as being part of a political union?
The other rarely considered question is why political unions almost always end in failure. The main reason is that the peoples under whom the unions are created are extremely diverse; they are diverse in ethnicity, religion, and culture. There was a Latin Monetary Union (France,, Belgium, Italy, Switzerland) that was supported by the US in Europe, which was founded in 1865 and failed in 1927.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Monetary_Union
There is a little known history about how the European Coal and Steel Community was formed. Declassified documents show that the elite members of the Third Reich planned for a Fourth Reich before World War II had ended. The Fourth Reich was planned to become an economic empire. The document is real. All one has to do is take the number "
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1179902/Revealed-The-secret-report-shows-Nazis-planned-Fourth-Reich--EU.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_LeBor
http://ia700401.us.archive.org/20/items/Ew-pa128Report/Ew-pa128Report.pdf
I did an advanced google search for the Red House Report and came up
with this link which shows that a FOIA request for Document EW-PA 128 did in fact occur (In google advanced search, I limited search resultsto pdf files only, to government websites only, and to the exact
phrase, "EW-PA 128"), so the document is real:
(see roughly page 26 ... use the find function (control + F) and type in EW-PA 128): http://www.dod.gov/pubs/foi/administration_and_Management/FOIA_Logs/FOIALog_FY01.pdf
http://www.cuttingthroughthematrix.com/articles/Intelligence_Report_EW-Pa_128.html
Read more at http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/the-existential-crisis-of-the-european-union-by-george-soros#cJ0KDqbXREvWAeVT.99
The EU is very different from the US; the two cannot be glossed over as though the EU is the United States of Europe. The colonists banded together to fight outside oppression under a common cause; in Europe, more and more Europeans are growing ever more skeptical about being united under one government. Further, Belgium went without a formal government for 535 days.
http://www.businessinsider.com/belgium-government-elio-di-rupo-2011-12?op=1
Dennis Zelkowski
Anyone who has investigated the gold market will easily see its coordination with western central banks to support fiat currencies along with the utter taboo of anyone who knows to speak about it. Paul Volcker at least once let it slip that the price of gold needed to be controlled. There is a long history of dishonesty with the public here. Questions have been raised for years now about whether the gold is actually in the vaults and the public is right to be suspicious. Furthermore the reasons originally given for Germany's gold to be kept in the US are no longer valid. From that perspective there is nothing wrong with Germany taking it's gold back so why make a mountain out a molehill? There is much more here than meets the eye and it is not being addressed by those who are in the know (and I am not saying that Simon is in the know).
Carol Maczinsky
Germans know that is is insignificant. Still it is outrageous to keep German Gold on the other side of the Atlantic. You cannot trust other jurisdictions with your property. We learned that with the SWIFT scandal and the euro crisis (where the creditor nations become scape goats).
JANKO SVARC
Mr. Johnson could be right when he says the actual location of anyone's gold is not important. I'm not about to ask him whether he has any gold or where he keeps it. It's not my gold, so it's not important to me. Personally, if I had a few thousands of tons of gold I'd be at least somewhat concerned regarding ITS location. You know I'd ask about it once in a while.
Shane Beck
In a modern economy the true wealth is energy. In a pre-modern economy the true wealth is land. All the gold in the world is not going to do any good if the masses are rioting in the streets from overly high unemployment or food riots....
PROCYON MUKHERJEE
In the chapter, “A brief history of economic dominance”, taken from the book Eclipse, Arvind Subramaniam has aptly pointed out citing the example of the Suez crisis that “whether irony or symmetry, the upshot of it all was that as an economically dominant net creditor, the UK, acquired the Suez Canal, and as an enfeebled net debtor she lost it”. The example of gold and its transfer by Germany is one such example of the mysterious ways the creditor country dominance unfolds unilaterally, much to the annoyance of the debtor countries; at least in this case it is for a benign denouement, that is defensive in nature.
Frank O'Callaghan
Are we entering the end game of fiat currency? What happens when there is a run on currency in general? The hard reality under all economies is that value is only what we ascribe or use. The true value of currency is an illusion that we have all agreed upon. There is a real danger in seeing through the illusion.