Exit from comment view mode. Click to hide this space
Email | Print

德国的黄金错觉

华盛顿—德国的黄金正在移动。自正式黄金交易变得较为透明以来,德国央行第一次表明将把很大一部分黄金持有量从法国和美国移回国内。乍一看,这不过是货币内政。但为什么是现在?

一种可能是,德国决策者认为而我们正在迈向各自为政的情景——用自己的政策所捍卫黄金是唯一有意义的东西。

但这一解释实在太过牵强。如果德法之间或德美之间的金融信任崩溃,那么我们面临的问题将远大于把一国的黄金放在哪里。国际贸易将崩溃,主要跨国公司将难以出售产品。把黄金藏在国内而不是纽约联邦美联储金库里对这一情况根本无济于事。

德国是认为其黄金会被制裁或遭遇某种程度的没收,就像有时发生在流氓国家的情况那样?这也难以令人信服。伊朗和委内瑞拉被世界唾弃是因为它们长时间的作恶。相反,德国是民主世界的中流砥柱之一,而且这一点并不会发生改变。

或许德国央行预测长期国际偏好将远离美国,希望对此未雨绸缪。这一看法有点道理:未来美元作为储备货币和安全港的重要性会下降。美元资产储备持有量(主要持有者是各国央行)在1948年时相当于美国GDP的2%左右,1968年也在相同水平。如今,这一比重至少在15%,有人预测高达30%。

该比重的上升很大一部分来自中等收入国家的繁荣和经常项目盈余。当你向世界卖出的东西小于买进的东西时,你就会累积对世界其他部分的债权,并且你需要决定以何种形式持有这一债权。

目前,全世界持有了大量的美元资产,未来几年趋向多元化一点都不令人奇怪。关于人民币国际地位崛起的讨论不绝于耳,我的彼得森国际经济研究所同事萨博拉曼尼安(Arvind Subramanian)在这方面做出了相当有意思的成果。

但移动德国的黄金对这一点鲜有帮助。真正有帮助的是让欧元坚挺起来——即让投资者确信,这一共同货币拥有光明的未来,因为它有强大的货币、财政、金融和政治联盟做后盾。当人们看到这一点时,黄金的地理位置完全不值一提。

德国政治精英似乎认为他们回到了金本位时代。但是,即使果真如此,有意义的也是你拥有多少黄金,而不是你把黄金放在哪里。

更宏大、也更令人担忧的趋势是中央银行业务的政治化。德国政治领导人越来越不信任欧洲央行,对美联储的货币政策也是颇有微词。

德国这一举动的背后是对通胀前景的担忧。但真正的担忧不是通胀本身,即价格可能在今年或明年出人意料的大幅攀升,而是各国央行发现通胀来临时已经太迟了,这将造成通胀预期的剧烈提高。

然而移动黄金对保证通胀可控或改变央行行为方面也是无济于事的。货币和黄金的联系在1971年美国总统尼克松决定中止各国央行美元和黄金的相互兑换时便已不可逆转地切断了。此后,我们便生活在纯粹法币的货币制度中,这意味着我们的钞票价值并不由黄金或其他任何实在物体作支撑。这一货币制度只有在央行保持通胀可控承诺可信的情况下才能成功。

因此,德国政客大概是受到了严重的黄金及其所在地重要性错觉的毒害。但他们对欧洲央行政策的担心是正确的:为欧元区政府提供无条件信用不可能让这些政府变得更加谨慎。所谓的“财政主宰”(fiscal dominance)是真正的威胁,它会破坏货币政策,并让通胀变得更加难以控制。

德国的黄金疯魔症没有现实基础。其对任意妄为的货币政策的担心则有现实基础。

Reprinting material from this Web site without written consent from Project Syndicate is a violation of international copyright law. To secure permission, please contact us.

Exit from comment view mode. Click to hide this space

Comments (0)

You need to login in order to leave a comment. If you do not yet have an account, please register.

close

The two commenting options explained

Watch a 1 minute video
to discover how you can comment on the entire article or a specific paragraph. The two images below also explain the two ways of commenting.

1) Entire article comment
Once logged in, simply click inside the comment box where it says "Enter text here." Enter and post your comment.

2) Paragraph comment
Please log in first. Then click to the left of the desired paragraph. Your cursor will automatically move to the comments box. Enter and post your comment.

Show comments of
  1. Commented

    Anonymous HopefulSkeptic

    Dear Dr. Johnson,
    I find you to be one of the best and most open-minded economists that exists in today's world. Your documentary on the fiscal crisis was one of a kind, and I think that anyone who wants to know what happened would be well-advised to watch it. I also am impressed with your projections of threats to the US Dollar and proposed solutions to protect its status in the world.
    In spite of all this, I respectfully disagree with you on the issue of gold repatriation to Germany. Gold repatriation is, so to speak, realpolitik. It is indeed Germany that is in charge of the European Union. Germany is the largest economy in the EU, and it possesses the greatest economic and political clout of any nation in the EU. Germany is repatriating its gold because it wishes to be in control of its assets. Consider the colossal failures of two European nations: Britain and Switzerland. Both nations lost billions of dollars by selling gold at its lowest points.
    Former Prime Minister Gordon Brown's ill-advised selling of the UK's gold cost the nation £9 billion.
    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Brown
    http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2118319/Budget-2012-How-lost-9BILLION-Gordon-Brown-selling-gold-cheap.html


    Michael Paprotta cost the Swiss $60 billion USD when he sold 1300 tons of the precious metal.
    http://www.zerohedge.com/news/2012-10-04/resume-day-meet-man-who-sold-1300-tons-swiss-gold
    http://www.zerohedge.com/news/2012-10-05/turns-out-dumping-1300-tons-swiss-gold-isnt-resume-builder-after-all


    "The broader and more worrying trend is the politicization of central banking."
    I must say that I find it rather ironic that an economist of your caliber is talking of politicization of central banking as if it represents anything other than the status quo (though it ought not be status quo). I'm not sure if you are aware or not, but the BIS (Bank for International Settlements, which was initially part of the World Bank Group) was the meeting place of central bankers around the world during World War II (WW2). Bankers around the world funded both sides of the war, even though their respective countries were at war with each other. What this demonstrates is that some central bankers were essentially financial mercenaries during WWII.
    http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/mbhistory/html/NF2233809?thread=7843142
    http://filmakers.com/index.php?a=filmDetail&filmID=1013

    While a global gold standard is ill-advised (because nations and central banks always overspend beyond their means) it is rather telling that the World Bank for International Settlements (BIS, from which "World" has been removed to hide its relation from the World Bank Group, i.e. the quasi-secret Global Central Bank that exists in Switzerland) once proposed a global gold standard.
    http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60F12F73F58177A93CAA8178ED85F408385F9

    But this is only part of the story. Germany is the true master of Europe. It is a sad tale, but the other nations have given up their sovereignty so that they could join the economic and political union that is the EU. When citizens of nations voted against being part of the Union, as the Irish did, they were blackmailed with bankruptcy and forced to revote a year or two later. What kind of so-called union demands its citizens to reconsider their opinion on so grave a matter as being part of a political union?
    The other rarely considered question is why political unions almost always end in failure. The main reason is that the peoples under whom the unions are created are extremely diverse; they are diverse in ethnicity, religion, and culture. There was a Latin Monetary Union (France,, Belgium, Italy, Switzerland) that was supported by the US in Europe, which was founded in 1865 and failed in 1927.
    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Monetary_Union
    There is a little known history about how the European Coal and Steel Community was formed. Declassified documents show that the elite members of the Third Reich planned for a Fourth Reich before World War II had ended. The Fourth Reich was planned to become an economic empire. The document is real. All one has to do is take the number "
    http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1179902/Revealed-The-secret-report-shows-Nazis-planned-Fourth-Reich--EU.html
    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_LeBor
    http://ia700401.us.archive.org/20/items/Ew-pa128Report/Ew-pa128Report.pdf

    I did an advanced google search for the Red House Report and came up
    with this link which shows that a FOIA request for Document EW-PA 128 did in fact occur (In google advanced search, I limited search resultsto pdf files only, to government websites only, and to the exact
    phrase, "EW-PA 128"), so the document is real:
    (see roughly page 26 ... use the find function (control + F) and type in EW-PA 128): http://www.dod.gov/pubs/foi/administration_and_Management/FOIA_Logs/FOIALog_FY01.pdf
    http://www.cuttingthroughthematrix.com/articles/Intelligence_Report_EW-Pa_128.html
    Read more at http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/the-existential-crisis-of-the-european-union-by-george-soros#cJ0KDqbXREvWAeVT.99

    The EU is very different from the US; the two cannot be glossed over as though the EU is the United States of Europe. The colonists banded together to fight outside oppression under a common cause; in Europe, more and more Europeans are growing ever more skeptical about being united under one government. Further, Belgium went without a formal government for 535 days.
    http://www.businessinsider.com/belgium-government-elio-di-rupo-2011-12?op=1

  2. Commented

    Dennis Zelkowski

    Anyone who has investigated the gold market will easily see its coordination with western central banks to support fiat currencies along with the utter taboo of anyone who knows to speak about it. Paul Volcker at least once let it slip that the price of gold needed to be controlled. There is a long history of dishonesty with the public here. Questions have been raised for years now about whether the gold is actually in the vaults and the public is right to be suspicious. Furthermore the reasons originally given for Germany's gold to be kept in the US are no longer valid. From that perspective there is nothing wrong with Germany taking it's gold back so why make a mountain out a molehill? There is much more here than meets the eye and it is not being addressed by those who are in the know (and I am not saying that Simon is in the know).

  3. Commented

    Carol Maczinsky

    Germans know that is is insignificant. Still it is outrageous to keep German Gold on the other side of the Atlantic. You cannot trust other jurisdictions with your property. We learned that with the SWIFT scandal and the euro crisis (where the creditor nations become scape goats).

  4. Commented

    JANKO SVARC

    Mr. Johnson could be right when he says the actual location of anyone's gold is not important. I'm not about to ask him whether he has any gold or where he keeps it. It's not my gold, so it's not important to me. Personally, if I had a few thousands of tons of gold I'd be at least somewhat concerned regarding ITS location. You know I'd ask about it once in a while.

  5. Commented
    100%

    Shane Beck

    In a modern economy the true wealth is energy. In a pre-modern economy the true wealth is land. All the gold in the world is not going to do any good if the masses are rioting in the streets from overly high unemployment or food riots....

  6. Commented

    PROCYON MUKHERJEE

    In the chapter, “A brief history of economic dominance”, taken from the book Eclipse, Arvind Subramaniam has aptly pointed out citing the example of the Suez crisis that “whether irony or symmetry, the upshot of it all was that as an economically dominant net creditor, the UK, acquired the Suez Canal, and as an enfeebled net debtor she lost it”. The example of gold and its transfer by Germany is one such example of the mysterious ways the creditor country dominance unfolds unilaterally, much to the annoyance of the debtor countries; at least in this case it is for a benign denouement, that is defensive in nature.

  7. Commented

    Frank O'Callaghan

    Are we entering the end game of fiat currency? What happens when there is a run on currency in general? The hard reality under all economies is that value is only what we ascribe or use. The true value of currency is an illusion that we have all agreed upon. There is a real danger in seeing through the illusion.

Email this article

Your name is required.

Your email is required.


Your friend's name is required.

Your friend's email is required.


A message is required.