After the Storm
Fragile and Unbalanced in 2012
Nouriel Roubini
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NEW YORK – The outlook for the global economy in 2012 is clear, but it isn’t pretty: recession in Europe, anemic growth at best in the United States, and a sharp slowdown in China and in most emerging-market economies. Asian economies are exposed to China. Latin America is exposed to lower commodity prices (as both China and the advanced economies slow). Central and Eastern Europe are exposed to the eurozone. And turmoil in the Middle East is causing serious economic risks – both there and elsewhere – as geopolitical risk remains high and thus high oil prices will constrain global growth.
At this point, a eurozone recession is certain. While its depth and length cannot be predicted, a continued credit crunch, sovereign-debt problems, lack of competitiveness, and fiscal austerity imply a serious downturn.
The US – growing at a snail’s pace since 2010 – faces considerable downside risks from the eurozone crisis. It must also contend with significant fiscal drag, ongoing deleveraging in the household sector (amid weak job creation, stagnant incomes, and persistent downward pressure on real estate and financial wealth), rising inequality, and political gridlock.
Elsewhere among the major advanced economies, the United Kingdom is double dipping, as front-loaded fiscal consolidation and eurozone exposure undermine growth. In Japan, the post-earthquake recovery will fizzle out as weak governments fail to implement structural reforms.
Meanwhile, flaws in China’s growth model are becoming obvious. Falling property prices are starting a chain reaction that will have a negative effect on developers, investment, and government revenue. The construction boom is starting to stall, just as net exports have become a drag on growth, owing to weakening US and especially eurozone demand. Having sought to cool the property market by reining in runaway prices, Chinese leaders will be hard put to restart growth.
They are not alone. On the policy side, the US, Europe, and Japan, too, have been postponing the serious economic, fiscal, and financial reforms that are needed to restore sustainable and balanced growth.
Private- and public-sector deleveraging in the advanced economies has barely begun, with balance sheets of households, banks and financial institutions, and local and central governments still strained. Only the high-grade corporate sector has improved. But, with so many persistent tail risks and global uncertainties weighing on final demand, and with excess capacity remaining high, owing to past over-investment in real estate in many countries and China’s surge in manufacturing investment in recent years, these companies’ capital spending and hiring have remained muted.
Rising inequality – owing partly to job-slashing corporate restructuring – is reducing aggregate demand further, because households, poorer individuals, and labor-income earners have a higher marginal propensity to spend than corporations, richer households, and capital-income earners. Moreover, as inequality fuels popular protest around the world, social and political instability could pose an additional risk to economic performance.
At the same time, key current-account imbalances – between the US and China (and other emerging-market economies), and within the eurozone between the core and the periphery – remain large. Orderly adjustment requires lower domestic demand in over-spending countries with large current-account deficits and lower trade surpluses in over-saving countries via nominal and real currency appreciation. To maintain growth, over-spending countries need nominal and real depreciation to improve trade balances, while surplus countries need to boost domestic demand, especially consumption.
But this adjustment of relative prices via currency movements is stalled, because surplus countries are resisting exchange-rate appreciation in favor of imposing recessionary deflation on deficit countries. The ensuing currency battles are being fought on several fronts: foreign-exchange intervention, quantitative easing, and capital controls on inflows. And, with global growth weakening further in 2012, those battles could escalate into trade wars.
Finally, policymakers are running out of options. Currency devaluation is a zero-sum game, because not all countries can depreciate and improve net exports at the same time. Monetary policy will be eased as inflation becomes a non-issue in advanced economies (and a lesser issue in emerging markets). But monetary policy is increasingly ineffective in advanced economies, where the problems stem from insolvency – and thus creditworthiness – rather than liquidity.
Meanwhile, fiscal policy is constrained by the rise of deficits and debts, bond vigilantes, and new fiscal rules in Europe. Backstopping and bailing out financial institutions is politically unpopular, while near-insolvent governments don’t have the money to do so. And, politically, the promise of the G-20 has given way to the reality of the G-0: weak governments find it increasingly difficult to implement international policy coordination, as the worldviews, goals, and interests of advanced economies and emerging markets come into conflict.
As a result, dealing with stock imbalances – the large debts of households, financial institutions, and governments – by papering over solvency problems with financing and liquidity may eventually give way to painful and possibly disorderly restructurings. Likewise, addressing weak competitiveness and current-account imbalances requires currency adjustments that may eventually lead some members to exit the eurozone.
Restoring robust growth is difficult enough without the ever-present specter of deleveraging and a severe shortage of policy ammunition. But that is the challenge that a fragile and unbalanced global economy faces in 2012. To paraphrase Bette Davis in All About Eve, “Fasten your seatbelts, it’s going to be a bumpy year!”
Nouriel Roubini is Chairman of Roubini Global Economics and professor at the Stern School of Business, New York University. His detailed 2012 global growth outlook is available at www.roubini.com
Copyright: Project Syndicate, 2011.
www.project-syndicate.org
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Rustypelican 09:45 15 Dec 11
This Keynesian taro card reader is the best contrarian indicator I know of. He was predicting a meltdown in the housing market at least three years before it occurred, and so were many others. Since then, he's been consistently wrong in his predictions. Why anyone pays any attention to him or any other soothsayer is beyond me.
microsrfr 10:36 15 Dec 11
The actions taken by the central bankers are merely a sharing of sandbags to bolster the financial dikes against the rising tide of sovereign debt. These are at best temporary measures and no one is doing anything to address the rising tide of debt which is a reaction to global wage destruction continuing to occur due to outsourcing, automation and the rising price of oil. These are structural problems which have been undermining the economies of the world for four decades. If we are to effectively address these, we need to reexamine the myths of "free trade", zero-sum game, austerity-based job creation and the helplessmess of governments to do anything about them.
Zsolt 10:45 15 Dec 11
We still do not dare to look into the mirror and accept where we are.
On the other hand each analysis, future prediction, political speech, or summit sounds more and more like a prayer, repeating mantras desperately but without any assurence or confidence because we know that without a miracle we cannot "achieve robust growth", "upturn", or "recovery".
We are still lacking the honest inspection and admission which is understandable as it would then require a fundamental change in our thinking, attitude and lifestyle.
If we wanted, all the information is avaliable to understand what is happening and where we should be turning to from here, but we still do not want to put the mosaic together.
Even from within this article we could build the picture telling us how much we are interconnected, how much we depend on each other, nobody is independent and nobody can become self sustaining, and still we try to reject these connections, we still try to work against each other based on greedy selfish calculations.
Indeed 2012, and all the following years beyond could provide a very bumpy ride unless we finally accept our place in the overall system of nature, and accept that we have to adapt to the laws around us, which laws are based on mutual responsibility, caring for the whole ahead of self interest, and consumption based on necessities instead of uneccesary and harmful luxuries.
Phyisically, virtually we are already in a closed, interconnected and interdependent network. Now it is time to use this network in a positive manner instead of the destructive way we use it today.
Sandeer 09:50 22 Dec 11
We must understand that a new attitude toward life is being revealed from all these events and it isn’t about constant and aimless growth. Simply, industry must satisfy basic necessities instead of promoting purposeless hoarding.
Nature is now pushing us toward this, and this pressure will only continue to build. In the past we have always developed by compulsion and we felt this development as desirable because we are inherently egoistic. However, now nature is forcing us to rise to our next human development, which is about rejecting the ego, which goes against who we are. Nature is gradually showing us something opposite ourselves and demanding us to change!
GDP 10:37 04 Jan 12
Monetize the QE3:....give each voter $30000.00....(3 trillion divided by number of voters). We're borrowing the money anyway...so...give it to the banks who'll sit on it?
BenL8 08:00 06 Jan 12
Roubini published a report, "The Way Forward", at the New America Foundation in October 2011 with two other co-authors. This proposal is the best thing I've read. It deals with all the significant problems. Here's a summary: Nouriel Roubini, aka Dr. Doom because of his prescient prediction of the 2008 recession, released a plan, The Way Forward, at the New America Foundation. This plan has three constructive proposals, called pillars, 1) "a substantial five-to-seven year public investment program that repairs the nation's crumbling public infrastructure, 2) "a debt restructuring program that is truly national in scope, addressing the (intimately related) banking and real estate and financial asset price bubbles" and 3) " global reforms that can begin the process of restoring balance to the world economy". Without a trade balancing remedy, all reforms are futile. In my opinion discussion begins with an understanding of this proposal. It covers the entire scene and presents an illuminating construct for economic recovery. But many will disagree about the medicine needed. In Nov. 1999 there were 109.7 million private sector workers in the U.S., and in Nov. 2011, 12 years later, there were also 109.7 million private sector workers. There was a net zero growth in private sector jobs. This should tell most people that we are in a serious semi-depression. My blog is http://benL8.blogspot.com
gamesmith94134 06:05 07 Jan 12
Gamesmith94134: global finance’s Supply-chain Revolution
“Open feedback mechanisms ensure a supply chain’s ability to respond to a changing environment, but, in the case of financial supply chains, feedback mechanisms can amplify shocks until the whole system blows up.” It was because there is no firewall available during the crisis, and the pipeline was open with few operators in the financial control like Mr. Sheng said, also, there is even fewer currencies like Euro-dollar only was available in most transactions, even though the public funds like sovereignty debts were being privatized in the open trade, and it create the explosion by volume in sum of money was credited. Firewalls I took off the technical terminology means there is no safety transitory zone established physically, that our financial system allowed the flow in the supply chain freely as the computerized transaction allowed, and there is less time available for reexamination on lack of control, source of origin, birth of credits.
Especially, when the parties took the international reserves for granted that Fed and ECB cut it interest rates to its minimal for the non-inflationary measure that many would consider money are free if they can beat the time. Generally, the 22 players turned the international financial market into their casino. When their governments were the ones who called to upbeat its economies from the recession after the expansion of the debts hitting it fiscal ceiling, and the slow down cut their productivity in near recession. At the same time, the rigid exchange rate went lopsided that created the tension between the debtor and creditor. It exploded.
At present, the financial system must evolve itself with firewalls that stop contagion of the collateral damage over the money with no backing, and shrink the pool of cash for credit lending. Some might call it deleverage of the past 20 years mishaps, or change of climate in our global financial that the supply-chain must stop and check itself; besides, most of us would know by now that money supply and productivity are not on the same parallel at certain point under the influence of inflation an deflation. Without the assurance of the balance payment or imbalance of its exchange rates, the supply-chain will reverse itself.
Perhaps, I like it better if the sovereignty debt and private investment should not be classified as same in enjoying the low interest rate, that sovereignty debt should be handled separately by the Central Banks and World Bank if it does affect the exchange rate when evaluated by IMF for it answer to lack of control.
Transfer Unions must be established to void unsafe transaction and the Trans-continental Zoning to confirm the source of the origin on all transactions when the transaction is registered to enter its zones, or cut hot cashes that undervaluing ones currency from another that influences the international currency exchange rate. Besides, I see the floating rate system is a joke if it put sovereignty in defensive; and it should go with its yardstick like performance that values at each quarters.
Finally, international banks are “too big to fall” should became a legend only, and they must be downsized that international is not licensed to evade sovereignty. There are more of reforms available in regional account and obey to safety net where it allows. Perhaps, if the banker can purchase these sovereignty bonds and metro bonds from the central bank like FED or ECB instead of chasing the wild goose in the open market; the general public can have some credits available for doing business.
If someone question on the equities dealing among the banks, why only the politicians who talk over the policy on financial and there is no financial police system to oversight the banking as a whole. I think the United Nations Security Council can build a better division on financial security than G7 or G20, and it is inclusive for the globalized finance and my past experience tells me so. Evolve or not, we may stand by and watch the outcome of our present crisis and it not over yet till everyone would feel safe from hegemony through these firewalls. If some suggest cooperation from community in forgiving ones’ debt, it would be worse than my New Year project in losing weight every year, and I have been laughing at myself all my life. Without firewall in safeguard one’s wealth, each would isolate itself from contagion for a long, long time.
May the Buddha bless you?
gamesmith94134 06:07 07 Jan 12
Gamesmith94134: global finance’s Supply-chain Revolution
“Open feedback mechanisms ensure a supply chain’s ability to respond to a changing environment, but, in the case of financial supply chains, feedback mechanisms can amplify shocks until the whole system blows up.” It was because there is no firewall available during the crisis, and the pipeline was open with few operators in the financial control like Mr. Sheng said, also, there is even fewer currencies like Euro-dollar only was available in most transactions, even though the public funds like sovereignty debts were being privatized in the open trade, and it create the explosion by volume in sum of money was credited. Firewalls I took off the technical terminology means there is no safety transitory zone established physically, that our financial system allowed the flow in the supply chain freely as the computerized transaction allowed, and there is less time available for reexamination on lack of control, source of origin, birth of credits.
Especially, when the parties took the international reserves for granted that Fed and ECB cut it interest rates to its minimal for the non-inflationary measure that many would consider money are free if they can beat the time. Generally, the 22 players turned the international financial market into their casino. When their governments were the ones who called to upbeat its economies from the recession after the expansion of the debts hitting it fiscal ceiling, and the slow down cut their productivity in near recession. At the same time, the rigid exchange rate went lopsided that created the tension between the debtor and creditor. It exploded.
At present, the financial system must evolve itself with firewalls that stop contagion of the collateral damage over the money with no backing, and shrink the pool of cash for credit lending. Some might call it deleverage of the past 20 years mishaps, or change of climate in our global financial that the supply-chain must stop and check itself; besides, most of us would know by now that money supply and productivity are not on the same parallel at certain point under the influence of inflation an deflation. Without the assurance of the balance payment or imbalance of its exchange rates, the supply-chain will reverse itself.
Perhaps, I like it better if the sovereignty debt and private investment should not be classified as same in enjoying the low interest rate, that sovereignty debt should be handled separately by the Central Banks and World Bank if it does affect the exchange rate when evaluated by IMF for it answer to lack of control.
Transfer Unions must be established to void unsafe transaction and the Trans-continental Zoning to confirm the source of the origin on all transactions when the transaction is registered to enter its zones, or cut hot cashes that undervaluing ones currency from another that influences the international currency exchange rate. Besides, I see the floating rate system is a joke if it put sovereignty in defensive; and it should go with its yardstick like performance that values at each quarters.
Finally, international banks are “too big to fall” should became a legend only, and they must be downsized that international is not licensed to evade sovereignty. There are more of reforms available in regional account and obey to safety net where it allows. Perhaps, if the banker can purchase these sovereignty bonds and metro bonds from the central bank like FED or ECB instead of chasing the wild goose in the open market; the general public can have some credits available for doing business.
If someone question on the equities dealing among the banks, why only the politicians who talk over the policy on financial and there is no financial police system to oversight the banking as a whole. I think the United Nations Security Council can build a better division on financial security than G7 or G20, and it is inclusive for the globalized finance and my past experience tells me so. Evolve or not, we may stand by and watch the outcome of our present crisis and it not over yet till everyone would feel safe from hegemony through these firewalls. If some suggest cooperation from community in forgiving ones’ debt, it would be worse than my New Year project in losing weight every year, and I have been laughing at myself all my life. Without firewall in safeguard one’s wealth, each would isolate itself from contagion for a long, long time.
May the Buddha bless you?
Pyranha 03:08 08 Jan 12
Thanks all for your words. Now get back to work. In the time you spent reading this article the Chinese have copied another 12,000 products, bought 850,000 hectares of foreign land, and completed two railway lines.
gamesmith94134 09:12 08 Jan 12
Pyranha,
Our economy was ruined by counterfeiters, right? Catch them what we can, Pyranha. Don’t blame the Chinese. House over China is four time more expensive than ours because Americans buy their houses at 0.25% with our FED, Chinese are just cheap. They wrecked their bullet train and we cancelled ours for our politicians use the budget for traffic congestion and its price went up three times. So, what is the heck about two railways? We just smarter to let Chinese to policing the counterfeiters, and we don’t need trains and we have oil and gas, plenty of it. Nero, where is your harp?
PROCYON 03:45 16 Jan 12
The reference to corporate performance is apt and is right that it is the only ray of hope that belies the tragedy in the rest of the economy. Therefore the ray of hope lies in furthering the cause of this performance, which unfortunately cannot be met with the constancy of purpose that many had instituted in terms of leveraging the low cost options. The focus invariably must shift to creating products and markets that does not exist today and by creating a supply chain that can meet these demands in an economic manner; the incentives must be designed to enable this act.
Procyon Mukherjee


myerscpa 09:28 15 Dec 11
Let me line up the Bears -- Roubini, Krugman, Wolf. A murderers' row of big hitters on the pessimism side.
The US. No one wants to write down the mortgage debt to fair market value so the big engine of the American economy remains stalled. No one wants to do a big public works program and put people to work building something with future economic value. So, Washington simply is not serious about re-starting the American economy. It could, but it won't.
In Europe, a European-wide spending authority that can deficit spend is required to boost overall demand. But the austerity debate crowds out all discussion of any positive initiatives to grow the overall EU economy. Meanwhile, the Emerging Market economies will eat the Europeans' future lunches on the competitiveness front. The European car is stalled at the bottom of a steep hill. The confidence fairy has not the strength to push it up the hill.
In the Middle East and South Asia, the Israeli-centric American foreign policy will be hobbled by a continuing flow of negative consequences. How do you say in Arabic -- "we are not listening to you"? For 2012, watch the dominos fall into the Islamic republic column across the Muslim world. Higher energy prices will be the pleasant side of this development.