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La revolución del emprendimiento social

DHAKA – La crisis financiera internacional de los últimos años dejó al descubierto la existencia de graves defectos en el sistema financiero internacional. El propósito original de los mercados de crédito era proveer de capital a empresas y compañías, pero unos pocos individuos los manipularon para ponerlos al servicio de un objetivo egoísta: obtener rendimientos irrealmente altos mediante maniobras de ingeniería financiera. Esto trajo sufrimiento a los habitantes de los países desarrollados (basta pensar en los extraordinarios niveles de desempleo en países como España y Grecia), pero también a incontables millones de personas en los países en desarrollo, que no tuvieron responsabilidad alguna por la crisis.

De hecho, la persistencia de muchos de los problemas sociales del mundo es reflejo de nuestra interpretación colectiva errada de la idea de capitalismo, que lleva a que las empresas no persigan otro objetivo que la maximización de beneficios y que se conciba a las personas como máquinas unidimensionales de hacer dinero.

Pero en esta, nuestra concepción del mercado económico, está faltando un componente: el emprendimiento social. Un emprendimiento social es una compañía no orientada a la distribución de dividendos y dedicada totalmente a la solución de un problema social o ambiental determinado. Los accionistas pueden recuperar su inversión, transcurrido cierto tiempo, pero no más que eso. La totalidad de los beneficios se reinvertirá en el emprendimiento para aumentar su alcance o mejorar sus productos o servicios.

La junta directiva, la administración y los empleados del emprendimiento social enfocan todas sus energías en resolver el problema que motivó su creación, y el éxito e impacto de la compañía se miden según cómo lo hagan. La rentabilidad de la compañía se usará para cubrir costos y crecer, no para satisfacer el deseo de ganancias de los inversores. En un emprendimiento social, lo que motiva a emprendedores e inversores es el deseo de hacer el bien, no el de hacer dinero.

Este tipo de emprendimiento no tiene cabida en nuestro actual marco económico, diseñado para las compañías maximizadoras de beneficios, cuya proliferación, si bien trajo consigo crecimiento económico, creación de empleos y prosperidad, también provocó las crisis ambientales, energéticas, alimentarias y financieras de la actualidad, además de ampliar la desigualdad de ingresos y crear grandes bolsones de pobreza.

Los emprendimientos sociales son un modo de equilibrar la codicia individual con las necesidades colectivas. Por ejemplo, podría darse que compañías con fines de lucro creen emprendimientos sociales paralelos a sus actividades lucrativas; cada emprendedor, cada firma podría crear toda una variedad de estos emprendimientos. También se podrían crear fondos de empresas sociales para agrupar recursos procedentes de muchos inversores (pequeños, medianos o grandes) y de ese modo proveer de capital a emprendimientos sociales nuevos o ya existentes.

Si bien las actividades de bien público por parte de individuos o corporaciones son importantes, tienen una limitación fundamental: un dólar obtenido de donaciones tiene una sola vida, una vez que se usó, ya está. Pero un dólar puesto en un emprendimiento social es inmortal, se lo puede reciclar una y otra vez. Los emprendimientos sociales permiten encarar objetivos de bien público y resolverlos de manera sostenible.

La maximización de beneficios por parte de individuos y empresas crea problemas cuya solución, en la actualidad, es tarea exclusiva de los gobiernos. Pero no se puede esperar que los resuelvan todos, porque por su propia naturaleza, los gobiernos son lentos y poco dados a innovar, limitaciones que se agravan conforme los problemas crecen y se multiplican. En cambio, los individuos y las compañías son mucho más dinámicos y creativos, y la creación de emprendimientos sociales permitiría encarar los mismos problemas con más eficacia.

A algunas personas, la idea de una compañía no orientada a la distribución de dividendos podrá parecerles utópica, pero me da mucha alegría poder decirles que cada vez más personas y empresas adoptan este concepto. Hemos creado una serie de emprendimientos sociales en Bangladesh, y están surgiendo otros en Albania, Haití, Colombia, Costa Rica, el Reino Unido, Japón, India, China y Alemania, por citar algunos ejemplos. Lo que vemos es que cuando se desvincula a las empresas del imperativo de hacer dinero, el resultado es un tipo de empresa totalmente diferente, una empresa especializada en usar la creatividad de los seres humanos para resolver los problemas de los seres humanos.

No hay problema o crisis, de los que enfrenta el mundo en la actualidad, que no se pueda resolver con el ingenio y la creatividad de los seres humanos. Solo hace falta disponer un marco institucional adecuado para liberar y enfocar la creatividad latente en cada uno de nosotros. Eso se logra dando cabida a las empresas sociales en nuestras economías.

De hecho, hay problemas, como el desempleo, que no se podrán resolver volviendo al sistema anterior. Sería como poner un apósito protector en una herida que demanda cirugía mayor. Es preciso rediseñar y reconstruir el sistema desde la base, y la crisis sistémica actual nos da una oportunidad para hacerlo. De hecho, creo que podemos crear un mundo en el que no haya ni un desempleado, un mundo en el que la palabra “desempleo” ni siquiera tenga sentido.

El momento de empezar a crear este mundo es ahora: no perdamos la oportunidad.

Traducción: Esteban Flamini

Reprinting material from this Web site without written consent from Project Syndicate is a violation of international copyright law. To secure permission, please contact us.

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  1. Commented

    Enrique Woll Battistini

    I agree with Muhammad Yunus that the world would be a better place if human productive activity were organized around he Social-Business concept, and perhaps, that is where the world is headed in the long term. But I also agree with David Ivan Wangolo that solving the problems of society in a sustainable way is essential, and that to attain this, productivity, efficiency, and effectiveness are required, and thus profitability. Capitalism, unfair as it is, provides a significant measure of this today. Muhammad Yunus does not seem to disagree with this. I agree with Ben Leet that massive accumulation of personal wealth will eventually be viewed as socially destructive, repugnant, excessive, and selfish, and think that even now it is so when it does not align morally with the value contributed to society in this process, or with the corresponding resources invested, the risks taken, or the sacrifices made. I suspect that Muhammad Yunus agrees fully with this. One of the problems I see with Social-Business today is that it would not be funded sufficiently to reach a full bloom, especially when social savings are mostly in the hands of national and multinational corporations with quite different objectives. It would seem to be destined for financing by progressive governments in a neo-comunist world, a world defying the reality of human greed, devoid of taxes and private property: In sum, world of the future populated by superhumans. For the time being, I would advocate a system that would organize investment and production around the articulation of relevant existing private and public institutions on a global scale, focusing on environmentally friendly activities taking into account human nature in full.

  2. Commented

    Wangolo David Ivan

    I do not think that we can improve the potential to do good without the real capacity to do well. The social being of a community cannot be divorced from its well-being which has the elements of productivity, efficiency and effectiveness. We just need to rethink the whole misguided philosophy of capitalism in the sense that enterprises should remain created to solve problems of society in a sustainable=profitable way. Otherwise allocation of capital towards doing good, without doing well leads to a mis-allocation of resources. Nobody wants that!

  3. Commented

    Ben Leet

    84% of the world's wealth is held by 10% of its adults, and 44% in the hands of 1%, according to Credit Suisse Bank's World Wealth Report, 2012. In our present system assets are not allocated to enterprises unless a return on investment is a reasonable expectation, and are stored in non-productive speculative "investments". In the U.S. the mean average household net worth is $498,000 for all 118 million households, yet 50% of households own only 1.1% of all net worth which amounts to about $11,000 per family according to the latest SCF from the Federal Reserve. The top-wealthiest 1% in the U.S. own perhaps 45% of all wealth if assets placed in foreign tax-free tax-havens are accounted for, using the information from the recent McKinsey report from the Tax Justice Network. While global assets grew by 17% last year, unemployment grew to almost 200 million globally as reported by the International Labor Organization, a U.N. agency, in the NYTimes 1.23.13. As wages decrease, aggregate demand decreases, employment to population ratios decrease globally and in the U.S. the ratio has dropped from 64% in 2000 to 58% in 2012. A new model for the economy that includes Yunus' new corporations will emerge out of social necessity and fairness --- "maximizing shareholder value" and massive accumulation of personal wealth will be viewed as socially destructive, repugnant, excessive, selfish. "When there is more for me and less for you, even if you must die" will be recognized for what it is, immoral.

  4. Commented

    Waleed Addas

    The idea of social businesses is as old as Islam and is not a new one. In Arabic usage this is called the system of Awqaf or in modern parlance "the system of trust funds". What Prof. Yunus is proposing is simply to apply the Islamic system of Wakaf, which is commendable since the Islamic system of economy and society is the most perfect system for the conduct of human activities. The problem is that many Muslim countries today are not practicing what they say they believe in. I hope the rest of the world will take the lead in this field too, in addition to Islamic banking and finance.

  5. Commented

    Terry Mock

    Muhammad writes:

    "By addressing charitable objectives with social businesses, we can achieve them in a sustainable way."

    I agree, however, there is another proven way to achieve triple-bottom-line results from business:

    Co-ops: Sustainable Solution for Economic Growth
    By Sustainable Land Development Initiative | October 29th, 2012
    http://www.triplepundit.com/2012/10/ops-sustainable-solution-economic-growth/

    The Need for Industry Leadership
    By Sustainable Land Development Initiative | August 16th, 2010
    http://www.triplepundit.com/2010/08/the-need-for-industry-leadership-in-land-development/

    "Cooperative teamwork encourages an open exchange of ideas and generates integrated, whole-system solutions. In order to facilitate meaningful multi-stakeholder cooperation on the deepest levels, SLDI has organized itself as a member-owned for-profit cooperative. Industry professionals have the opportunity to earn an ownership stake in the organization through educational achievement, receive profit distributions, and participate in the governance of the organization. At the same time, they gain knowledge, recognition, access to unique technologies and valuable industry product and service opportunities...."

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