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Revolution der Sozialunternehmen

DHAKA – Die globale Finanzkrise der letzten Jahre hat schwerwiegende Mängel des globalen Finanzsystems offenbart. Kreditmärkte, die ursprünglich Unternehmen mit Kapital ausstatten sollten, wurden von einigen Einzelpersonen und Unternehmen missbraucht, um mit bestimmten Finanzierungsinstrumenten das eigennützige Ziel unrealistisch hoher Renditen zu erreichen. Das hat zu großem Leid unter Menschen aus den entwickelten Ländern geführt – man braucht sich nur die hohen Arbeitslosenzahlen in Ländern wie Spanien und Griechenland anzusehen, aber auch in den Entwicklungsländern, die keine Rolle in der Krise spielten, sind Millionen betroffen.

Tatsächlich reflektiert die Hartnäckigkeit vieler sozialer Probleme der Welt unsere kollektive Fehlinterpretation der Idee von Kapitalismus, die dazu führt, dass Unternehmen einzig und allein zum Zweck der Gewinnmaximierung geführt werden, und dass Menschen als eindimensionale Geldmaschinen wahrgenommen werden.

In unserem Konzept vom Markt fehlt eine Komponente: das soziale Unternehmen. Ein Sozialunternehmen ist ein Unternehmen, das keine Dividenden ausschüttet und dessen alleiniger Zweck die Lösung eines bestimmten sozialen oder die Umwelt betreffenden Problems ist. Aktionäre können ihre Eingangsinvestition nach einer bestimmten Zeit zurückbekommen, aber darüber hinaus erhalten sie nichts. Alle Gewinne gehen zurück in das Unternehmen, um es zu vergrößern oder um seine Produkte oder Dienstleistungen zu verbessern.

Vorstand, Geschäftsleitung und Mitarbeiter des Unternehmens konzentrieren sich auf den Unternehmenszweck, nämlich die Lösung des Problems, der Erfolg wird daran gemessen. Die Rentabilität dient der Kostendeckung und dem Bedürfnis nach Wachstum, nicht dem Wunsch des Investors, Geld zu verdienen. In einem Sozialunternehmen sind Unternehmer und Investor durch den Wunsch motiviert, Gutes zu tun, nicht, gut zu verdienen.

Diese Art Unternehmen hat keinen Platz in unserem wirtschaftlichen Rahmen, nur solche Unternehmen haben dort einen Platz, die ihren Profit maximieren. Die allgemeine Verbreitung dieser Unternehmen hat zwar wirtschaftliches Wachstum, Jobs und Wohlstand gebracht, uns aber auch die heutigen Krisen in den Bereichen Umwelt, Energie, Nahrungsmittel und Finanzmarkt beschert, zusätzlich zu einer sich vergrößernden Einkommensungleichheit und teilweise großer Armut.

Sozialunternehmen sind eine Möglichkeit, ein Gleichgewicht zwischen individueller Gier und kollektiven Notwendigkeiten zu schaffen. Unternehmen könnten zum Beispiel parallel zu ihren auf Profit ausgerichteten Unternehmen Sozialunternehmen gründen. Jeder Unternehmer bzw. jedes Unternehmen könnte eine eigene Palette an Sozialunternehmen ins Leben rufen. Man könnte auch Sozialunternehmensfonds einrichten, um die Ressourcen vieler Investoren – kleiner, mittlerer und großer – zu bündeln und neue oder bereits existierende Sozialunternehmen mit Kapital auszustatten.

Obwohl die Sozialphilanthropie Einzelner oder ganzer Unternehmen natürlich wichtig ist, hat sie eine entscheidende Beschränkung. Ein Spendendollar hat nur ein Leben: sobald er ausgegeben ist, kommt er nicht wieder zurück. Aber der Dollar eines Sozialunternehmens ist unsterblich. Er kann endlos recycelt werden. Indem wir gemeinnützige Ziele mit Sozialunternehmen erreichen, arbeiten wir nachhaltig.

Im Moment müssen die Staaten die Probleme lösen, die profitmaximierende Personen und Unternehmen erzeugt haben. Aber der Staat allein kann sie nicht alle lösen, weil Staaten von ihrem Wesen her langsam und nicht innovativ genug sind – Beschränkungen, die zunehmen, während die Probleme wachsen und sich vervielfachen. Einzelpersonen und Unternehmen sind viel dynamischer und kreativer, sie könnten diese Probleme durch die Gründung sozialer Unternehmen viel effektiver angehen.

Die Idee eines Unternehmens, das keine Dividenden ausschüttet, klingt für Einige vielleicht utopisch, aber ich schätze mich glücklich, berichten zu dürfen, dass mehr und mehr Menschen dieses Konzept für sich entdecken. Wir haben eine Reihe von Sozialunternehmen in Bangladesch gegründet, jetzt entstehen auch immer mehr in Albanien, Haiti, Kolumbien, Costa Rica, dem Vereinigten Königreich, Japan, Indien, China und Deutschland, um nur einige zu nennen. Wir können beobachten, dass wir, wenn das Geschäft von der Vorgabe gelöst wird, einen Profit zu erwirtschaften, eine ganz andere Art von Unternehmen erhalten – eines, das sich darauf spezialisiert, die menschliche Kreativität zu nutzen, um menschliche Probleme zu lösen.

Es gibt heute kein Problem, keine Krise der Welt, die nicht mit menschlichem Erfindungsreichtum und menschlicher Kreativität gelöst werden könnte. Alles was wir tun müssen, ist, das richtige institutionelle Umfeld zu schaffen, um der Kreativität freien Lauf zu lassen, die wir alle in uns tragen, und sie entsprechend zu kanalisieren. Den Sozialunternehmen in unseren Ökonomien einen Raum zu schaffen, bedeutet genau das.

Tatsächlich können wir Probleme wie die Arbeitslosigkeit nicht lösen, wenn wir zum alten System zurückkehren. Das wäre, als würden wir ein Pflaster bei einem Problem verwenden, das eine chirurgische Intervention erfordert. Wir müssen das System von Grund auf neu entwerfen und neu konstruieren. – eine Gelegenheit, die die heutige Systemkrise uns bietet. Ich glaube sogar, dass wir eine Welt schaffen können, in der niemand arbeitslos ist, in der das Wort „Arbeitslosigkeit“ niemand versteht.

Jetzt ist der Moment gekommen, um diese Welt zu erschaffen. Die Gelegenheit dazu dürfen wir nicht verstreichen lassen.

Aus dem Englischen von Eva Göllner-Breust

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  1. Commented

    Enrique Woll Battistini

    I agree with Muhammad Yunus that the world would be a better place if human productive activity were organized around he Social-Business concept, and perhaps, that is where the world is headed in the long term. But I also agree with David Ivan Wangolo that solving the problems of society in a sustainable way is essential, and that to attain this, productivity, efficiency, and effectiveness are required, and thus profitability. Capitalism, unfair as it is, provides a significant measure of this today. Muhammad Yunus does not seem to disagree with this. I agree with Ben Leet that massive accumulation of personal wealth will eventually be viewed as socially destructive, repugnant, excessive, and selfish, and think that even now it is so when it does not align morally with the value contributed to society in this process, or with the corresponding resources invested, the risks taken, or the sacrifices made. I suspect that Muhammad Yunus agrees fully with this. One of the problems I see with Social-Business today is that it would not be funded sufficiently to reach a full bloom, especially when social savings are mostly in the hands of national and multinational corporations with quite different objectives. It would seem to be destined for financing by progressive governments in a neo-comunist world, a world defying the reality of human greed, devoid of taxes and private property: In sum, world of the future populated by superhumans. For the time being, I would advocate a system that would organize investment and production around the articulation of relevant existing private and public institutions on a global scale, focusing on environmentally friendly activities taking into account human nature in full.

  2. Commented

    Wangolo David Ivan

    I do not think that we can improve the potential to do good without the real capacity to do well. The social being of a community cannot be divorced from its well-being which has the elements of productivity, efficiency and effectiveness. We just need to rethink the whole misguided philosophy of capitalism in the sense that enterprises should remain created to solve problems of society in a sustainable=profitable way. Otherwise allocation of capital towards doing good, without doing well leads to a mis-allocation of resources. Nobody wants that!

  3. Commented

    Ben Leet

    84% of the world's wealth is held by 10% of its adults, and 44% in the hands of 1%, according to Credit Suisse Bank's World Wealth Report, 2012. In our present system assets are not allocated to enterprises unless a return on investment is a reasonable expectation, and are stored in non-productive speculative "investments". In the U.S. the mean average household net worth is $498,000 for all 118 million households, yet 50% of households own only 1.1% of all net worth which amounts to about $11,000 per family according to the latest SCF from the Federal Reserve. The top-wealthiest 1% in the U.S. own perhaps 45% of all wealth if assets placed in foreign tax-free tax-havens are accounted for, using the information from the recent McKinsey report from the Tax Justice Network. While global assets grew by 17% last year, unemployment grew to almost 200 million globally as reported by the International Labor Organization, a U.N. agency, in the NYTimes 1.23.13. As wages decrease, aggregate demand decreases, employment to population ratios decrease globally and in the U.S. the ratio has dropped from 64% in 2000 to 58% in 2012. A new model for the economy that includes Yunus' new corporations will emerge out of social necessity and fairness --- "maximizing shareholder value" and massive accumulation of personal wealth will be viewed as socially destructive, repugnant, excessive, selfish. "When there is more for me and less for you, even if you must die" will be recognized for what it is, immoral.

  4. Commented

    Waleed Addas

    The idea of social businesses is as old as Islam and is not a new one. In Arabic usage this is called the system of Awqaf or in modern parlance "the system of trust funds". What Prof. Yunus is proposing is simply to apply the Islamic system of Wakaf, which is commendable since the Islamic system of economy and society is the most perfect system for the conduct of human activities. The problem is that many Muslim countries today are not practicing what they say they believe in. I hope the rest of the world will take the lead in this field too, in addition to Islamic banking and finance.

  5. Commented

    Terry Mock

    Muhammad writes:

    "By addressing charitable objectives with social businesses, we can achieve them in a sustainable way."

    I agree, however, there is another proven way to achieve triple-bottom-line results from business:

    Co-ops: Sustainable Solution for Economic Growth
    By Sustainable Land Development Initiative | October 29th, 2012
    http://www.triplepundit.com/2012/10/ops-sustainable-solution-economic-growth/

    The Need for Industry Leadership
    By Sustainable Land Development Initiative | August 16th, 2010
    http://www.triplepundit.com/2010/08/the-need-for-industry-leadership-in-land-development/

    "Cooperative teamwork encourages an open exchange of ideas and generates integrated, whole-system solutions. In order to facilitate meaningful multi-stakeholder cooperation on the deepest levels, SLDI has organized itself as a member-owned for-profit cooperative. Industry professionals have the opportunity to earn an ownership stake in the organization through educational achievement, receive profit distributions, and participate in the governance of the organization. At the same time, they gain knowledge, recognition, access to unique technologies and valuable industry product and service opportunities...."

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