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互联网盗版的道德规则

普林斯顿——去年,我对一位同事说要在所授课程中加入互联网道德。她建议我阅读一本不久前出版的计算机伦理著作,而且把整部书以附件的形式发送给我。

我是否应该拒绝阅读盗版著作?我是否像主张严格立法打击互联网盗版者所说的那样收到了赃物?

如果用老式方法去盗窃别人的书籍,书到了我手里,它就不再属于原来的所有者。我是得偿所愿,而她却受到了损失。如果人们使用盗版书籍,倒霉的是出版社和作者——他们失去了卖书的收入。

可如果同事没给我发那本书,我就会从大学图书馆借阅。我省下了借书的时间,看上去似乎没有人受到损失。(奇怪的是,考虑到这本书的题材,它并非要以数字的形式出售)。实际上,我的这种选择还惠及其他人:这本书仍然留在图书馆的书架上供其他人借阅。

另一方面,如果书不在书架上,而其他借阅者向工作人员提出收回或预定的请求,图书馆可能会注意到这本书的需求量,并另购一本书。但我对书籍的使用说服图书馆另购一本的可能性微乎其微。而且无论如何,这与通常的盗窃案有着很大的不同。

我询问伦理课上的300名学生谁没有在明知或者怀疑存在侵犯版权行为的情况下从网上下载过作品。只有五六个人举手。其余很多人认为自己做得不对,但辩解说“人人都这样做。”还有人说他们反正也不会购买那本书或那首歌,因此没有任何人受到伤害。似乎没人准备今后不再这么做。

前Megaupload网站(现已被 FBI关闭)创始人Kim Dotcom(出生时叫Kim Schmitz)上个月在新西兰被捕时的详细情景浮出水面,他的被捕强化了著作权法的执法工作。Megaupload允许1.8亿注册用户上传及下载电影、电视剧和音乐,Dotcom在奥克兰附近的豪宅展示了他所赚取的部分赃款(来自广告和订阅),这里还停着他购买的劳斯莱斯和其他外国汽车。

Dotcom的律师辩称Megaupload只提供存储空间存储订阅者的文件,根本无法控制他们的存储内容。但Megaupload却为上传广受欢迎文件的用户提供现金奖励。

上个月,美国审议了旨在制止互联网盗版行为的立法。该法案在好莱坞电影公司及出版唱片业的敦促下起草,声称网上侵犯著作权的行为导致美国损失100,000个就业机会。反对者认为这项法律提案的影响远远超出了Megaupload这一家网站,会迫使谷歌和YouTube对侵犯版权的行为负责——并允许政府在未经法院授权的情况下阻止被其视为推动侵权的网站的接入。

目前来看,互联网活动家连同谷歌、Facebook和其他主要在线企业暂时占据优势,说服美国国会将反盗版法案束之高阁。但斗争还远没有结束:上个月,欧盟及其22个成员国签署了《反假冒贸易协定》,确立了贯彻知识产权的国际标准和新建机构。澳大利亚、加拿大、日本、摩洛哥、新西兰、新加坡和美国已经签署了这份协定。现在该协定必须在欧洲议会等机构获得通过。

我既是一位作者,也是一名读者。互联网创造的奇迹在于,我的某些早已停止印刷的旧著现在比以往任何时候都更容易以盗版的形式获得。当然,我比很多作者或创作艺术家更加幸运,因为我在学校的薪水意味着我无需依靠版税来挣钱养家。不过,也不难为我的版税收入找到比Kim Dotcom破坏环境的生活方式更好的去处。我们需要找到办法尽可能发挥互联网令人惊叹的潜力,同时又给予创作者恰当的回报。

澳大利亚、加拿大、以色列、新西兰和很多欧洲国家现在推行一种公共出借权,旨在为因著作被收入公共图书馆所导致的销售损失向作者和出版社提供补偿。互联网也需要建立类似的机制。向用户收费即可解决问题,而且如果收费足够低廉,使用盗版书的积极性就会减弱。在此基础上再辅以对大规模侵权网站的执法行动,问题或许是可以解决的。否则,多数创作者可能需要另找其他方式谋生,我们都将成为受害者。

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  1. Commented

    Boris Krumov

    Stricter laws won't make the situation with piracy better, neither they stand ANY chance in a dynamic media like Internet - the potential of bypassing any new restriction with another layer, level and depth of more sophisticated than the filtering itself framework of hardware and software is immense.

    What is needed is another approach, facing the reality of free exchange of informatics, namely - higher ethics.
    One such already working example is Coehlo's "pirate" solution - he openly encourages sharing and downloading of his own copywrited works for free, but he also asks people to not only share them with libraries and within neighborhoods, but he appeals for people to buy the book, once they "liked" it and "tried" it for free.
    Ethics in regards to piracy must find incentives and stimuli for people to pay ( small ) fees, or donate to the original creators, or support them in any other way - just like Singer says.

    Piracy is not going to end, the Internet won't shut down ( or even if it does the alternative communication will pop up right the other day ! ), restrictive laws either won't pass or the moment they do will be wiped out and rendered useless by next innovative way to be bypassed. Lawmakers can save themselves the humiliation from these attempts and face the reality of an open and distributed informational network.

    What must and will happen is that we adapt our commercial paradigms and trade models to the more open and less-"possessive" realities.

    Thee not only shalt not steal, but thee shalt support the person whose (art)work you like and use. It is easy if you only try !

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