While carbon pricing and industrial policies may have enabled policymakers in the United States and Europe to avoid difficult political choices, we cannot rely on these tools to achieve crucial climate goals. Climate policies must move away from focusing on green taxes and subsidies and enter the age of politics.
explains why achieving climate goals requires a broader combination of sector-specific policy instruments.
The long-standing economic consensus that interest rates would remain low indefinitely, making debt cost-free, is no longer tenable. Even if inflation declines, soaring debt levels, deglobalization, and populist pressures will keep rates higher for the next decade than they were in the decade following the 2008 financial crisis.
thinks that policymakers and economists must reassess their beliefs in light of current market realities.
马萨诸塞州,麦德福——尽管目前以美国总统唐纳德·特朗普保护主义的“美国第一”议程为突出代表的反自由贸易势力甚嚣尘上,但放松商品和服务跨境流动的经济理由仍然直接而又强劲。而移民的理由——也就是跨境劳动力流动——尽管远比自由贸易更加复杂,但却同样令人无法辩驳。
对像我这样的自由主义者而言,自由贸易的好处是显而易见的:买家与卖家之间的自愿交易,无论是在经济体内部抑或跨越边境,几乎总能令双方受益。虽然可能需要借助限制措施来确保进入市场商品的安全性,但障碍理应被保持在最低限度。
另一方面,为惩罚那些所谓不公平补贴出口或允许雇主剥削工人的国家而限制贸易是不值得的。限制来自低工资和工作条件恶劣国家的进口可能看似合理;但在现实中,它却剥夺了上述国家低工资劳动者仅有的那一点点收入。与此同时,它还相当于对消费者强制征收毫无根据而且往往具有倒退性质的税收。
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