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From semiconductors to electric vehicles, governments are identifying the strategic industries of the future and intervening to support them – abandoning decades of neoliberal orthodoxy in the process. Are industrial policies the key to tackling twenty-first-century economic challenges or a recipe for market distortions and lower efficiency?
就像共产党政权曾经把卡尔·马克思奉为神明一样，现代经济学家已经把亚当·斯密（Adam Smith）尊为先知。他们总结斯密的核心原则——即无论在何种文化条件下，好的激励机制就会产生好的结果—— 这已经成了经济学的信条。但这种观点是对历史的误解（也许也是对斯密本意的误解）。
带来现代经济发展的不是好的激励机制，而是在英格兰和苏格兰这样的社会中创造新的经济文化。要想让贫困社会快速发展，我们就不仅要改变它们的制度和相应的激励机制，更要改变它们的文化。这就要让更多社会民众了解经济发达国家的生活。
尽管几乎所有的经济学家都相信激励机制的重要作用，世界历史的三大特征显示出文化的主导作用。
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