Michael Spence, a Nobel laureate in economics, is Professor of Economics Emeritus and a former dean of the Graduate School of Business at Stanford University. He is Senior Fellow at the Hoover Institution, Senior Adviser to General Atlantic, and Chairman of the firm’s Global Growth Institute. He serves on the Academic Committee at Luohan Academy, and chairs the Advisory Board of the Asia Global Institute. He was Chairman of the independent Commission on Growth and Development, an international body that from 2006-10 analyzed opportunities for global economic growth, and is the author of The Next Convergence: The Future of Economic Growth in a Multispeed World (Macmillan Publishers, 2012).
发自米兰/俄亥俄州格兰维尔——美国确实存在生产率问题,但如果你只把目光放在那些生产可供国际贸易的商品和服务的行业,那就永远不会意识到这一点。由于这些商品和服务只占1/3的GDP以及20%多的就业(这是发达经济体的典型做法),因此我们还必须考虑到余下那2/3的非贸易部门。
美国经济的可贸易部门涵盖农业、林业、渔业和制造业——作为最终产品或中间产品的商品生产。这些行业占据了2021年可贸易增加值的1/3。可交易部门还包括研发、咨询、信息和大部分金融等各类服务。服务业合共占可交易附加值的大约2/3——这一比例在过去20年间有所增加。
一家公司或行业的增加值是通过从以美元计算的总销售额中减去能源和中间产品等投入品的采购额——不包括劳动力和资本——来计算的。它可以理解为劳动和资本相结合创造的价值。然后这些价值被计算为劳动者的收入(构成该部门员工平均薪酬上限)和资本所有者的回报。
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