Since 1960, only a few countries in Latin America have narrowed the gap between their per capita income and that of the United States, while most of the region has lagged far behind. Making up for lost ground will require a coordinated effort, involving both technocratic tinkering and bold political leadership.
explain what it will take finally to achieve economic convergence with advanced economies.
Between now and the end of this decade, climate-related investments need to increase by orders of magnitude to keep the world on track toward achieving even more ambitious targets by mid-century. Fortunately, if done right, such investments could usher in an entirely new and better economy.
explains what it will take to mobilize capital for the net-zero transition worldwide.
巴黎——1983年,美国经济学家兼诺贝尔经济学奖得主瓦西里·列昂惕夫做出了在当时称得上是令人震惊的预测。他说就像拖拉机取代马匹那样,人力最终可能会被机器所取代。今天,全球失业人口约为2亿——2008年这一数字仅有3,000万——列昂惕夫的预言似乎已经不像从前那样荒诞了。事实上,技术正在彻底改变全球劳动力市场已经没有任何疑问。
可以肯定,许多经济学家有理由对像列昂惕夫那样的预言持怀疑态度。从历史上看,提高生产力极少消灭工作。每次机器提高效率(包括当时由拖拉机接替马匹),在旧工作消失的同时又创造出新的工作。此外,经济学家擅长与数字打交道,而最近的数据显示生产率提高导致经济放缓而不是加速。谈到现有工作的实际数量,我们有理由对灾难预言家的可怕预言持怀疑态度。但同时也有理由认为工作的性质正在发生变化。
首先,正如麻省理工学院经济学家大卫·奥托尔所说,有些工作受劳动自动化的影响要大于其他工作。负责数据处理等常规任务的工人越来越有可能被机器取代;但从事更具创造性工作的劳动者则更有可能感受到生产力的提高。此外,面对面服务者的工作可能不会有多大变化。换言之,机器人可能会让会计失去工作、提高外科医生的工作效率,而理发师的工作则不会有任何变化。
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