Artificial intelligence is being designed and deployed by corporate America in ways that will disempower and displace workers and degrade the consumer experience, ultimately disappointing most investors. Yet economic history shows that it does not have to be this way.
worry that the technology will be deployed to replace, rather than empower, humans.
Amid labor-supply constraints and economic shocks, the case for productivity-boosting interventions is clear. Unless US policymakers use a combination of investment and incentives to reverse negative productivity trends, the US will achieve modest growth, at best.
urge policymakers to pursue interventions aimed at reducing supply constraints in the non-tradable sector.
华盛顿—2014年12月,萨洛姆·卡尔瓦(Salome Karwah)登上《时代》杂志《年度人物》特刊封面。卡尔瓦是一名助理护士,2014年,她不仅从家乡利比里亚的埃博拉疫情中生存下来,还帮助大批患者来到她的埃博拉小屋。卡尔瓦是一个悲剧英雄。一年前,她死于难产,每个月,难产都要夺走两倍于整个埃博拉疫情的生命。
纵观人类历史,分娩对妇女和新生儿都是一道鬼门关。在十九世纪,欧洲有百分之一的孕妇最后一尸两命。1847年,匈牙利产科医生伊格纳兹·泽梅尔魏斯(Ignaz Semmelweis)提出,紧靠医生消毒双手,就使他的诊所产妇死亡情况大幅下降。但他的发现基本被忽视,直到十年后路易·巴斯德(Louis Pasteur)普及微生物致病论。
在包括利比里亚在内的许多国家,产妇死亡率至今任何维多利亚时代的欧洲一样高。自1990年以来,全球产妇死亡率下降了近一半,但每天仍有大约830名妇女死于与妊娠有关的原因。这些死亡病例大部分是因为出血和感染等可预防的并发症。据世界卫生组织数据,许多母亲的生命通过注射催产素止血、使用消毒分娩工具、将妊娠推迟到成年后就可以预防。
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