Rather than reducing concentrated market power through “disruption” or “creative destruction,” technological innovation historically has only added to the problem, by awarding monopolies to just one or a few dominant firms. And market forces offer no remedy to the problem; only public policy can provide that.
shows that technological change leads not to disruption, but to deeper, more enduring forms of market power.
The passing of America’s preeminent foreign-policy thinker and practitioner marks the end of an era. Throughout his long and extraordinarily influential career, Henry Kissinger built a legacy that Americans would be wise to heed in this new era of great-power politics and global disarray.
reviews the life and career of America’s preeminent foreign-policy scholar-practitioner.
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伦敦——在刚刚结束的欧盟峰会上,卡梅伦首相爆发了英国积累了数十年之久的对欧关系的不满。在峰会的最后时刻出台了有吹毛求疵之嫌的银行监管协议,该协议被认为有碍欧盟国家预算管制协议的突破性进展,欧洲人对此感到十分震惊。卡梅伦的英国支持者对此欢呼雀跃,将他视为新丘吉尔,说他抵制住了欧洲大陆罪恶暴君的威胁。
英国人对欧洲的态度向来暧昧而易变。20世纪60年代早期,保守党政府希望加入欧洲经济共同体,但被法国总统戴高乐拒绝。戴高乐模仿琵雅芙(Edith Piaf)的歌讽刺英国的野心——这首歌讲的是一位流落街头的贵族:“别哭,老爷。”最后,英国还是摆脱了孤立的状态,但英国领导人一向觉得,自己并不十分受到欧洲统一进程的欢迎。
过去,英国曾经说过两次“不”,对欧洲货币发展起到了决定性的作用。1978年,德国总理施密特和法国总统季斯卡提出了一项汇率安排方案——欧洲货币体系(EMS),以重塑欧洲汇率的稳定。一开始,由德国和法国与英国进行三方协商,但进展缓慢冗长且迟迟产生不了结果。
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