منع كارثة التفاوت

May 14, 2014 Robert J. Shiller

نيوهافين ــ كان كتاب توماس بيكيتي المبهر الذي أثار الكثير من المناقشات، "رأس المال في القرن الحادي والعشرين"، سبباً في توجيه قدر كبير من الاهتمام إلى مشكلة اتساع فجوة التفاوت بين الناس. ولكن الكتاب ليس قوياً في إيجاد الحلول. وكما يعترف بيكيتي فإن تنفيذ اقتراحه الذي يقضي بفرض ضريبة عالمية تصاعدية على رأس المال (أو الثروة) "يتطلب مستوى مرتفعاً للغاية وغير واقعي بلا شك من التعاون الدولي".

لا ينبغي لنا أن نركز على الحلول السريعة. إن الهم الحقيقي بالنسبة لصناع السياسات في كل مكان يتلخص في منع الكوارث ــ الأحداث الناشزة الأعظم شأناً على الإطلاق. ولأن التفاوت بين الناس يميل إلى التغير ببطء فإن أي كارثة ربما تقع بعد عقود في المستقبل.

ويصف بيكيتي هذه الكارثة ــ العودة إلى مستويات من التفاوت غير معهودة منذ أواخر القرن التاسع عشر وأوائل القرن العشرين ــ بإطناب في كتابه. وفي هذا السيناريو، تصيب أقلية ضئيلة الثراء الفاحش ــ ليس لأن أفرادها أذكى أو أكثر جهداً في العمل من أي شخص آخر، بل لأن القوى الاقتصادية الأساسية تعيد توزيع الدخول على نحو متحيز.

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Robert J. Shiller

Writing for PS since 2003
129 Commentaries

Robert J. Shiller, a 2013 Nobel laureate in economics, is Professor of Economics at Yale University and the co-creator of the Case-Shiller Index of US house prices. He is the author of Irrational Exuberance, Phishing for Phools: The Economics of Manipulation and Deception (with George Akerlof), and Narrative Economics: How Stories Go Viral and Drive Major Economic Events.

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0 Comments on this paragraph, 24 Comments on this article

Michael Harrington Aug 26, 2014

Unfair? Not if we've already given away the store in terms of unequal outcomes. Perhaps the only way to accomplish this is with a death tax that can be completely avoided if principals distribute their wealth in sizable but reasonable chunks ($3-5 mill) at or before death. Some rich people are already doing this voluntarily.
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Michael Harrington Aug 26, 2014

Property taxes are the only wealth tax that can't be avoided. Death taxes may also be harder to avoid. The problem is that much of the income of the super-rich accrues to capital assets, which suggests progressive capital income taxes.

The longer term solution is to design tax policies that mitigate the intergenerational accumulation of capital, capital that should be more widely distributed in terms of ownership and control. The concentration of capital is counterproductive at the extremes. One requires equity to fully participate in a market economy and this also presumes that the risk burden must be broadly shared, managed, and paid for. "Heads we win, tails you lose" means taxpayers are bearing risks for which they are never paid.
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Harlan Green May 25, 2014

Do Tea Partiers and Repubs in general really believe politicians have too much power? DC Pols have none in themselves. It is their wealthiest backers that have created the Inequality Disaster we have today. It's the Oligarchs such as Koch Bros. who have been wielding the real power--to roll back voters, women's rights, educational advantage, pollution regs; you name it! Socialism doesn't even exist anymore--except in China and N. Korea, and now Putin's Russia?
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Victor Beker May 18, 2014

Actually, what Piketty´s book provides is an impressive amount of data which shows that inequality goes hand in hand with economic growth. But growth goes also hand in hand with less poverty. China is a good example of both phenomena. So, do we want less inequality or less poverty? If the latter is our concern, maximizing the income of the poorest quintile of the population should be our target although this does not necessarily mean less inequality.
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ECO VIEW May 18, 2014

There is no data to show that all or most of the wealth created by the top 1% was accumulated through suspect means. If it is feared that increasing inequality may lead to serious social dislocations, the answer does not lie in an impractical global wealth tax, as the author has alluded to correctly. Increasingly a large part of such wealth is 'paper' wealth. Would it not be better to have all income from such wealth taxed yearly on a progressive basis?
We must not forget that excluding inheritance of wealth, most people accumulated wealth through hard work (and with some luck) and after paying their due share of taxes - income tax in particular. Why would anyone in his right mind penalise savings and investment by individuals? The world will be better off by sticking with progressive income taxes and if necessary progressive inheritance taxes after allowing for justifiable deductions and allowances. Look at what happened to countries and economic systems that advocated greater equality? We should not allow this debate to be driven by envy. Perhaps we must blame the media for not allowing the very rich to lead their flashy lives without being publicised 24x7.
Political systems in today's networked information driven world cannot be controlled by the plutocrats without changes being brought about from the 99% if such systems do not offer a widespread decent standard of living for the larger population. Politicians will ignore this at their own peril.
Where will this comparison stop? Once a country has become reasonably equal, will it thereafter start looking at wealth levels in other countries? Will we start debating equality between nations? Can we have a supra national taxing the wealth of the richer countries to pay the poorer countries? Let's be practical.
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M1ro Br@da May 16, 2014

The society is less diverse in terms of various activities, except money making (or rent seeking). To measure everything with money - creates irrational simplification of reality: the richer the better 'competition'. Some things / activities must be excluded from money-measuring to overcome the crisis.
http://mirobrada.blogspot.co.uk/2013/10/maximization-of-originality.html
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Michael Heller May 16, 2014

All of Thomas Piketty's socialist admirers repeat the empirically unfounded moral fable that wealthy inequality is a "serious risk to our society". Piketty does not provide data to support such a wild assertion. None of the admirers of Piketty moralising put any thought into how the political system can be reformed to prevent massive wealth from acquiring massive political influence. Everyone who studies rent-seeking, cronyism, and money politics knows that the straightforward solutions to the potential political 'bad' of wealth concentration lie in institutional reform rather than in attacks on wealth. The admirers of Piketty's moralising about wealth inequality are helping to bring the economics profession into disrepute. It is lazy and populist to scapegoat wealth inequality for all the ills of capitalism instead of seriously putting capitalism back on the road to recovery using the methods of Schumpeterian economics. But the volubility of the many admirers of Piketty moralising about wealth inequality do usefully serve to remind sensible folk why Schumpeter thought socialism was inevitable. Moral economy is relentlessly regressive, and and populism is powerfully persuasive.

http://michaelgheller.blogspot.com
Heller Economic History Entertainments
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Procyon Mukherjee May 16, 2014

Examples abound around us, only if we apply our minds and try to learn from them. Egalitarian societies do exist in the richer world, like in Switzerland, or Scandinavia, where people live in an unequal world equally; I remember the Bank CEO taking the same train for going to work as any other person and living in the same neighborhood where people with smaller means also lived. The children go to the same school, get the same opportunities till they choose what is best for them; the taxes go to the Canton or the Gemeinde, the community, and how it is to be spent is decided by the community; the taxes by the way are not high.

There may be flaws in this, but the Swiss have found a way out, although the scale of problems could be smaller, but they have found a solution in a smaller scale at least. The success of the Swiss is in the community living in Gemeinde, which is so simple, but whether it is replicable is another matter.
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Zsolt Hermann May 15, 2014

It is understandable that economists try to solve problems with economic tools.
After all when someone has a nail and a hammer he constantly wants to hammer that nail into something.

But inequality is not an economic problem thus it has no economic solution.
And trying to solve any problem through taxation is even more futile.

The problem is rooted in the self-calculating, self-serving, egocentric human nature which has driven and still driving any initially benevolent, well intended human invention, institution into corruption, when those benefiting from the system most start to twist the system in their own favor to keep their preferable position in place.

Although we are all driven by the same inherent desire, since each and human being is different, with different level, strength of the egoistic desire, how much one would sacrifice to achieve pleasure, humanity always renders alongside a pyramid model. And those on top then wants to make sure they always remain there.

Taxation is a coercive measure, people only agree to it reluctantly while immediately trying to work out how to go around it, again as a direct result of our driving force.

Unless human nature itself is adjusted it does not matter what political, economical, or financial system we try it will fail and fail again as it has been all through human history.

And from the above example on taxation it is clear this adjustment has to happen in a non-coercive way, without trickery, only through positive motivation.

Only changes achieved through positive motivation, people joining in willingly, can be sustainable.

So what leaders and the public mutually together has to figure out how to implement a global, integral education system/program, information exchange and with it a complete value change in the media and in society in general to help people understand the following:
- how do global, interdependent systems we evolved into function,
- the nature of a closed and finite natural systems that are based on homeostasis and harmony, existing on natural necessities and available means
- what is our own inherent human nature how is it incompatible with the conditions around us
- and finally how we can re-adjust our nature so we adapt to the conditions and build a new, qualitative higher, sustainable and more prosperous human system/future.

When we have laid the foundations by this adaptation will a new economy, new governing structure emerge as a result.
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John Sweeney May 15, 2014

Why, exactly, is "massive inequality (is) intolerable?"
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hari naidu May 15, 2014

Wealth taxation is not going to pass political litmus test in US Congress. Comparatively speaking EU is better off due to political acceptance of VAT which is levied at different rates by the sovereigns. Now, just imagine trying to legislate introduction of VAT in US. Wealthy consumers would naturally end up paying VAT at a higher rate than the average Joe. And it might be just a good first step – before one starts thinking of wealth taxation, per se.

Piketty is not good on how to prevent the disaster of inequality principally because the economic matrix will inevitably demand different solution depending on respective social system – developed and/or emerging markets.
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Luke Ho-Hyung Lee May 15, 2014

I would suggest our economic leaders seriously consider “The Lack of Appropriate Infrastructure in the Modern Supply Chain Process” as soon as possible. Strangely enough, no publicly available IT-based supply chain process (or infrastructure) has been developed - not even a single one in the whole world. If this is true, I believe it is the main structural cause of the current jobs crisis and thereby economic inequality. Please see: http://savingtheworldeconomy.blogspot.com/2013/12/what-is-main-structural-cause-of.html
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Edward C D Ingram May 15, 2014

Robert Shiller, Sir,
Your ideas are good but mine may be fundamentally better. Why? Because like all economists you look to interventions and they help ‘here’ whilst creating a disturbance ‘there’. That is not good.
What we have to do is to explore those things that we are doing wrong in the design of the economic structure.

They are all pretty obvious but the solutions are not those which economists are trained to create. I can teach you quite quickly and my solutions are almost ‘too good to be true’. Why? Because if there is one thing done wrong in an economy, the disturbances ripple out and go everywhere. So when my solutions are adopted all of those ripples vanish.

For example, there is no way to protect wealth? Why? If I lend you my wealth why would you not agree to repay it? Why would you instead, want me to repay money plus interest at a rate that depends upon unpredictable interest rates? Would you not prefer it if we could agree that I would repay the wealth at a steady rate, high at first and lower as time passes?
For example, why would we ask the price of the currency to balance trade? Why not? But then we also ask it to balance foreign investment flows. What for? There is no need to be stupid. There is a simple way to solve that problem.
For example, why would we want the banks to have 100% reserves in order to stop them from over-lending. There is a much cheaper and simpler way that will even put an end to runs on the banks whilst letting banks go bankrupt when they ‘lose it’ and lend recklessly.
These ideas are all approved at my Think Tank. We just do not have any academic papers published yet.
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Eugene Devany May 15, 2014

The U.S, Constitution requires that direct taxes (like an income tax) be apportioned among the states. The 16th Amendment eliminated this requirement for the income tax. Attorneys disagree about whether a wealth tax would be a "direct" tax and it may depend on how it is drafted. Net wealth can be used as an optional adjustment to the income tax an fall within the 16th Amendment.
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Peter Burgess May 15, 2014

I am frustrated by most of the socio-economic analysis that originates with high profile economists in large part because the analysis is quite simple on top of extremely complex systems. The mathematics of complex system analysis is inherently problematic and in the end inconclusive.

But there are ways to get the right answers. Rather than to seek a really big policy solution, there should be a myriad of little initiatives all of which result in a step in the right direction.

So then the question arises, how to get behavior change for everyone so that in aggregate we get a better socio-economic trajectory. The advertising industry has worked for its whole existence to do this ... but arguably only for the benefit of the corporation (and owners) rather than for the benefit of society as a whole. The advertising industry specializes in behavior change.

I argue for some radical reform of the way we do accounting and reporting of corporate performance. There are initiatives that are heading in this direction so that there is reporting of impact on people and planet as well as just the profit performance ... but the techniques still need strengthening.

I also argue that the purpose of economic activity is not simply to make a profit for corporate owners, but to sustain and improve quality of life and standard of living of people while doing the least possible damage to the natural environment. The corporate organization is subsidiary to people, not the other way round.

The amazing progress of technology in the last 50 years is impressive. The mixed results for people progress is a disaster. In the developed economies the backsliding of the middle class is disappointing, and in the developing world progress out of poverty should be universal. Shortages and violence are endemic in too many places. It should not be a surprise that for profit economics is failing. On the other hand a system that thinks in terms of for good could get very different results.

Peter Burgess - TreuValueMetris
Multi Dimension Impact Accounting
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Harlan Green May 15, 2014

The real contribution of R Shiller to this discussion is his belief that historical data collecting now possible by Piketty, Shiller, et. al., will make it possible to establish Macro Markets for these insurance outcomes, eg, such as his futures market for housing prices!.
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Edward Ponderer May 15, 2014

Professor Shiller is indeed quite right about Piketty's work being strong on analysis of the problem, but weak on solution. For according to the general economic factors it talks too, it is impossible to find solution. Similarly, guaranteed, Prof. Shiller's erudite solution will prove similarly of no real value--and in fact, if orthogonal to the real problem, the result will be further drift from the goal of equality--an inevitable drunkard's walk away from target.

We are marionettes trying to figure the complex of strings with no note given to the puppeteer, egoism. Inequality will exist in any system that imagines it will rule over ego with a gun, or imagine that if the reigns get some laisez-faire loosening, the horse will be happy with providing hey for the whole stable as long as it gets the most handsome portion. The true powers that be behind the party leadership and the great financial houses laugh their heads off at both Communism and Capitalism--for they will find the means for the most clever and aggressive to rule the whole under any -ism. This, with or without the "People's" or "Republic" or "Democracy" label on the title as so many $99.99 price tags saving us from spending our hundred dollar bill on an overpriced competitor's product.

And a tell-tale sign of human ego beyond its insidious cleverness, and subconscious manipulative intrigue, is that if uneducated it does want what is “good” for it in healthy measure—it wants anything that anyone conceives of as good, it wants it all, and it judges how much it’s got, by how much others have. In short, the most powerful dimension of its “enjoyment” is that others don’t have—unless those others are identified with the self —this point is crucial.

For the problem was never with communism or laisez-faire, it was with their exclusivity, and most particularly exclusion of the ego’s partnership. This opens up a particular new opportunity, now approaching the 1/6th point of the 21st century.

Why this period is different can be expressed in one word—globalization, or perhaps by the Yin to this Yang, interdependence—the former is the boundary condition, the latter is the differential equation, and this will force the rise of a resultant new economics already discovered—behavioral economics.

Mutually responsible relationship has become the key. The fact that our fates are irrevocably intertwined means that there is at last something to teach the ego that it needs to, and will want to learn. This is integral education—not competition and temporary us-vs.-them collaboration for what the individual ego gets out of it. No, rather learn that entwined fates are permanent, we are one, and therefore let all egos recognize themselves as one permanent whole—the new common enemy being death, nonexistence.

This is not communism, it is not capitalism – it is family, common sense, common agreed, voluntary, unified FAMILY. It is communist in concern that all get what they need and provide all that they can. It is laissez-faire because with ego unified, it can trust to the individual to go full steam ahead for the sake of the common good, allow creativity and brilliance full authority to move ahead per its natural capabilities, to do what it love for All that it loves.
Sound like paradise, a dream? Paradise yes, a dream—no, cold hard necessity.

Its time for the ego to grow up and go to school. All it has had till now is a pre-school of untutored free play, attempts at useless moralizing save some temporary corralling value—fear plus a sense of the powerful ego of self-image. These work for a baby, not a rowdy teen growing up fast.

Its sink or swim. But let’s have some faith in the human spirit when truly educated and directed—it will swim!
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Matthew Lykken May 15, 2014

In a capitalist economy all money flows to capital save to the extent that labor has the power to demand a share. When labor loses market power, income concentrates in the hands of capital and inequality widens. Thus the solution lies in boosting the market power of labor. Minimum wage laws and labor unions cannot do this when companies can relocate jobs in another jurisdiction. In the United States, then, the key is to create a strong incentive to locate high-value jobs in America. This can be done without increasing deficits through the tax system via the Shared Economic Growth proposal. See http://sharedgrowth.blogspot.com/?view=magazine , which is also endorsed at http://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/03/opinion/end-corporate-taxation.html?_r=1 and https://www.law.columbia.edu/null/download?&exclusive=filemgr.download&file_id=55888 and http://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2010/10/why-we-should-eliminate-the-corporate-income-tax/65351/
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Nathan W May 15, 2014

As Paul points out, it would be difficult to take a political commitment so seriously when planning one's personal finances, in particular in the absence of any precedent to see how things worked out.

However, I don't see why this would be a challenge. It amount to passing legislation that says "if it gets x bad, we do y mitigation". Arriving at "x bad", then could always pass new legislation. But if it's "x bad", probably they won't be able to pass that legislation at that time.
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Paul Daley May 15, 2014

Is there anything more malleable than a commitment to raise taxes?
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Eugene Devany May 14, 2014

Thomas Piketty has not considered an "optional" wealth tax (which does not require a constitutional amendment for the apportionment issue). It is the reduced share of wealth at the bottom that causes more trouble than the growing concentrations at the top. Half the families in the U.S. lost a staggering 70% of their net wealth between 1995 and 2010 while all profits on average were confined to the top 10%.
But what taxpayer (in their right mind) would want to pay a wealth tax?
In fact, most taxpayers would choose to pay a 2% tax on net wealth (excluding $500,000 retirement savings and $15,000 cash per taxpayer) if their income tax rate were lowered to a flat 8% (with no payroll tax). The standard no-wealth-tax alternative would be a flat 26% income rate (plus estate taxes when the time comes). A complementary business tax of 8% (for C corporations) and a 4% VAT would complete the 2-4-8 Tax Blend and produce as much tax revenue (or a bit more) than the current income-only system. [Note that the 2-4-8 Tax Blend was originally scored based on 2010 data of $53 trillion in individual wealth and current individual wealth just four years later is about $82 trillion].
An "optional" wealth tax permits wealth concentrations at the top while spreading growth to the bottom 99% through (wealth adjusted) tax liability. It is politically feasible because it divides the most powerful. Is it unfair to expect the wealthy to pay the same rates as the poor?
- Nathan W May 15, 2014
  
  Which country requires constitutional amendment to change a tax formula?
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Gunnar Eriksson May 14, 2014

New taxes do create resistance and arguments of unfairness.
Values do change over time as far as arguments are sound.
A new wealth tax needs to address both inequality and lack of capital for R&D and investment.
Wealth for taxation should be valued after usage so that idle and highly speculative capital is taxed the most.
The tax need to be levied on a federal level and built into the WTO rules so that duties can be levied on those opting out.
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Val Samonis May 14, 2014

Why not simply continue with the old and much simpler idea (no actuarial unknowns, etc.) of the guarantied citizen's income? Another idea is job sharing using ICT. It seems to me that people would not trust insurance companies that much, esp. in the wake of the US health-care finance crisis.

Val Samonis
Vilnius University
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