Robert Skidelsky, a member of the British House of Lords and Professor Emeritus of Political Economy at Warwick University, was a non-executive director of the private Russian oil company PJSC Russneft from 2016 to 2021. The author of a three-volume biography of John Maynard Keynes, he began his political career in the Labour party, became the Conservative Party’s spokesman for Treasury affairs in the House of Lords, and was eventually forced out of the Conservative Party for his opposition to NATO’s intervention in Kosovo in 1999.
伦敦—存在“安全”的家庭债务/收入比或政府债务/GDP比吗?两个问题的答案都是肯定的。对于这两个问题,说出正确的比例为多少又都是不可能的。尽管如此,这已经成为眼下最紧迫的宏观经济问题,不但是因为2000年以来家庭和政府债务不断上升,也是因为——也更重要地——政府债务正在引起过多担忧。
据麦肯锡全球研究所的一份2015 年报告,许多发达国家家庭债务在2000—2007年间翻了一番,达到收入的200%。接着,受2008—2009年经济危机冲击最大的国家家庭债务有所下降,但大部分发达国家的家庭债务比仍在上升。
政府债务的大涨发生在2008—2009年崩盘之后。比如,英国政府债务从2007年进展GDP的40%出头增加到今天的92%。重债政府一直在采取措施消灭赤字,但这样导致GDP下降(如希腊)或复苏推迟(如英国),从而债务比例上升(如希腊)。
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