The banking system we take for granted is unfixable. The good news is that we no longer need to rely on any private, rent-seeking, socially destabilizing network of banks, at least not the way we have so far.
shows why the current private system is unfixable – and why we don’t need to tolerate it anymore.
Like Vladimir Putin, China's leader is so steeped in a narrative of victimhood and fearful of appearing weak that it is hard to imagine him ever leading China out of the mess he has created. He could well be remembered as the leader who squandered history's most remarkable economic success story.
about the country's increasingly worrisome trajectory, both at home and abroad.
Artificial IdiocyFrank Rumpenhorst/picture alliance via Getty Images
纽约 — 对不熟悉经济领域的人来说,实际有效汇率可能听起来有些神秘,但它是最重要的国际金融指数之一。实际有效汇率是追踪一个国家及其贸易伙伴生产的商品价格差异的综合指数。在其他条件相同的情况下,一个国家的实际有效汇率指数的增长表明其贸易竞争力的丧失。账户的加剧失衡往往与实际有效汇率均衡值的偏差有关。
鉴于实际有效汇率对经济政策的重要性(例如在当前中美贸易讨论中),各国央行和国际金融机构在计算和分析实际有效汇率方面投入了相当多的资源。但是,随着全球价值链(GVCS)的逐步普及,它们的方法已经过时了。因此,我们最近和王直共同提出了一种新的计算实际有效汇率的方法,解决了目前的不足。
大多数中央银行和统计机构对实际有效汇率的标准计算假设国家只出口最终产品。但全球价值链将不同的生产阶段分配到了不同的国家。这种现象的产生得益于技术进步、贸易壁垒降低,以及新兴市场与全球经济的紧密融合。忽视这一现实可能会导致对实际有效汇率的重大误判,从而导致可疑的政策推断。
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