

Though Polish voters in October ousted their right-wing populist government, recent elections in Slovakia and the Netherlands show that populism remains as malign and potent a political force as ever in Europe. But these outcomes also hold important lessons for the United States, where the specter of Donald Trump’s return to the White House haunts the runup to the 2024 presidential election.
发自米兰—1979年,威廉·阿瑟·刘易斯(W. Arthur Lewis)因其对发展中国家增长动态的分析而荣获诺贝尔经济学奖。作为得奖者他当之无愧,因为其概念框架在理解和指导一系列新兴经济体的结构性变化方面被证明是相当宝贵的。
刘易斯强调的基本观点是发展中国家最初都是通过扩大出口部门来实现增长,而这些部门吸收的则是来自农业等传统部门的剩余劳动力。随着收入和购买力的提高,其他国内部门也会与可贸易部门同步扩大。主要位于城市的劳动密集型制造业部门的生产力和收入往往会比传统部门高出3~4倍,因此随着越来越多的人进入不断扩大的出口部门工作,平均收入也会增加。但正如刘易斯指出的那样,这意味着只要其他地方依然存在剩余劳动力,出口部门的工资增长就会一直受抑制。
既然劳动力的可用性并不是一个限制因素,因此增长的关键因素就是资本投资水平——即便是劳动密集型部门也需要资本投资。而这种投资的回报则取决于全球经济中的各项竞争状况。
To continue reading, register now.
Subscribe now for unlimited access to everything PS has to offer.
Subscribe
As a registered user, you can enjoy more PS content every month – for free.
Register
Already have an account? Log in