

Though Polish voters in October ousted their right-wing populist government, recent elections in Slovakia and the Netherlands show that populism remains as malign and potent a political force as ever in Europe. But these outcomes also hold important lessons for the United States, where the specter of Donald Trump’s return to the White House haunts the runup to the 2024 presidential election.
坎布里奇——“自由贸易时代似乎已经结束。保护主义笼罩下的世界经济将向何处去?”
这是目前我所耳闻的最常见的问题之一。但自由贸易和保护主义之间的区别(就像市场与国家或重商主义与自由主义之间的区别一样),并非特别有助于理解全球经济。它不仅误解了当今政策转型和建设健康全球经济所需的条件,而且还歪曲了近代历史。
“自由贸易”令人联想到政府后退一步,允许市场自行决定经济格局。但任何市场经济均需要规章制度——包括产品标准;对反竞争商业行为的管制;消费者、劳动力和环境保障措施;此外,还需有人履行最后贷款人的义务以及保障金融职能稳定——上述职能通常由政府负责颁布和执行。
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