At the end of European Communism, there was a widespread, euphoric hope that freedom and democracy would bring a better life; eventually, though, many lost that hope. The problem, under both Communism and the new liberal dispensation, was that those pursuing grand social projects had embraced ideology instead of philosophy.
considers what an Albanian Marxist philosopher can tell us about liberty in today's world.
For the US, Slovakia's general election may produce another unreliable allied government. But instead of turning a blind eye to such allies, as President Joe Biden has been doing with Poland, or confronting them with an uncompromising stance, the US should spearhead efforts to help mend flawed democracies.
reflect on the outcome of Slovakia's general election in the run-up to Poland's decisive vote.
发自伯克利——总部位于纽约的做空公司兴登堡研究(Hindenburg Research)最近对印度百亿富翁高塔姆·阿达尼(Gautam Adani)的会计欺诈和操纵股票指控震惊了金融界。对于那些期望印度这颗明星将随中国逐渐黯淡而日益闪耀在全球经济夜空的人来说,这一事件是一个必要的清醒药。
这些指控凸显了一些困扰印度经济且经常被忽视的系统性问题,特别是其极端不平等和企业集中化现象。该国经济中的一小部分部门生产资本和技能密集型产品以满足富人的需求,而其他大部分部门则大都存在需求不足和生产力低下的问题,导致总投资低,失业率高。
经济财富被集中在了少数大企业集团手中。据马塞勒斯投资管理公司估算:1990年时印度最赚钱的20家企业创造了全国企业总利润的14%,2010年为30%,2019年则为70%。大多数证据表明利润的增加源自于市场势力而非创新或大幅生产力提升,同时一些评论家认为这种企业不平等状况是导致印度股市与实体经济脱节的一个潜在因素。
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