J. Bradford DeLong, Professor of Economics at the University of California, Berkeley, is a research associate at the National Bureau of Economic Research and the author of Slouching Towards Utopia: An Economic History of the Twentieth Century (Basic Books, 2022). He was Deputy Assistant US Treasury Secretary during the Clinton Administration, where he was heavily involved in budget and trade negotiations. His role in designing the bailout of Mexico during the 1994 peso crisis placed him at the forefront of Latin America’s transformation into a region of open economies, and cemented his stature as a leading voice in economic-policy debates.
伯克利—在过去四十年中,美联储四次着手收紧货币政策。在这四次中,每一次紧缩都引发了就业和产出降低的过程,并且下降幅度之大远超美联储工作人员的预测。美联储已准备好再次收紧货币政策,考察这段历史——以及当前经济状况——表明美国马上就要进入危险区域了。
1979—1982年间,时任美联储主席保罗·沃克尔(Paul Volker)改变了当局的货币政策方针。他的预期是,通过控制流通中货币量,美联储可以在更大幅度地降低利率的同时以比传统凯恩斯主义模型所预测的更小的幅度增加闲置产能和失业。
对美联储——以及美国经济——来说,不幸的是凯恩斯主义模型才是对的;它们关于不通胀(disinflation)的代价的预言完全正确。此外,这一货币紧缩期带来了预料外的后果;花旗集团等金融机构发现,救它们于破产的完全是监管宽容(regulatory forbearance),许多拉美国家陷入了长达五年以上的萧条。
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