Given this summer's climate-driven disasters, one might think that the European political system would be devising comprehensive adaptation plans. But, despite some steps in the right direction, Europeans are only just waking up to the constitutional implications of a changing physical environment.
thinks a changing climate will force the European Union finally to embrace its political nature.
东京—2008年全球金融危机以来,扩张性货币政策便一直主导着主要发达经济体。该方法——由大幅降低利率和大规模购买资产(量化宽松,即QE)组成——被认为是美国和英国复苏能够加快的原因,也是将欧元区从崩溃边缘拯救回来的原因。至于日本——它在2012年开始实施货币宽松,作为首相安倍晋三的经济改革计划安倍经济学的第一支“箭”——货币宽松创造了大约250万个工作岗位。
但是,低利率意味着央行不再有对抗下一次经济衰退的“弹药”,那么,依赖慷慨的货币条件来维持增长是否走得太远了?
传统观点与教科书上的凯恩斯主义经济学一致,认为货币扩张通过利率起作用:低利率降低了资金成本,从而刺激国内投资,推动增长。一旦利率过于接近零因而(通常)无法继续调低,货币宽松也不再是有效的经济刺激。按照这一标准,日本的短期利率为-0.1%,十年期政府债券收益率目标在0%左右,也许不再能够从扩张性货币政策中获益。
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