Rather than reducing concentrated market power through “disruption” or “creative destruction,” technological innovation historically has only added to the problem, by awarding monopolies to just one or a few dominant firms. And market forces offer no remedy to the problem; only public policy can provide that.
shows that technological change leads not to disruption, but to deeper, more enduring forms of market power.
The passing of America’s preeminent foreign-policy thinker and practitioner marks the end of an era. Throughout his long and extraordinarily influential career, Henry Kissinger built a legacy that Americans would be wise to heed in this new era of great-power politics and global disarray.
reviews the life and career of America’s preeminent foreign-policy scholar-practitioner.
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发自伦敦——去年11月欧盟委员会曾提议对欧盟《稳定与增长公约》进行彻底改革。而随后的辩论——以及委员会今年4月发布的更新提案——表明尽管欧盟过去几年里在设计共同政策方面取得了进展,但不信任却依然普遍存在。
正如最初制定的那样,委员会的立法提案将以国别债务削减目标(通过债务可持续性分析确定)和国家中期财政计划来取代对公共债务和财政赤字的刚性限制。监测将基于一个简单的“支出路径”——具有约束力的年度净支出限额,不包括利息支付并根据商业周期变化进行调整——而执行力度将得到强化。
但德国和意大利都没能被说服。前者害怕新制度会赋予委员会过多的减债目标自由裁量权,使其容易屈服于政治压力,后者则担心对债务可持续性的分析会在主权债务市场上引发波动,并倾向于坚持一个原则上非常僵硬但实际上却相当灵活的制度。
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