To explain the rise in inequality that began in the 1980s and has accelerated since the turn of the century, many have pointed out that indicators of globalization, such as the trade-to-GDP ratio, have also been rising rapidly over the same period. But does that correlation imply a causal link between trade and inequality?
thinks that politicians are wrong to blame globalization for the widening gap between rich and poor.
Since 1960, only a few countries in Latin America have narrowed the gap between their per capita income and that of the United States, while most of the region has lagged far behind. Making up for lost ground will require a coordinated effort, involving both technocratic tinkering and bold political leadership.
explain what it will take finally to achieve economic convergence with advanced economies.
Between now and the end of this decade, climate-related investments need to increase by orders of magnitude to keep the world on track toward achieving even more ambitious targets by mid-century. Fortunately, if done right, such investments could usher in an entirely new and better economy.
explains what it will take to mobilize capital for the net-zero transition worldwide.
拉古纳海滩—几十年来,西方世界坚信定义明确、被广泛接受的经济范式,并在国家和全球层面身体力行。但如今,人们对“专家”解释——更不用说预测——经济发展的能力的信心每况愈下,在这样背景下,这一信念也受到了影响。在新范式尚未浮现的情况下,世界经济分裂风险高企,已然十分脆弱的国家将进一步落后。
直到最近一直主导着大部分经济思维和决策的范式存在于所谓的“华盛顿共识”中——这是一份被广泛接受的个体国家政策药房——也(在国际层面)应用于推进经济和金融全球化。个中概念简言之就是,如果在国内采取市场定价和去监管,同时打造自由贸易和相对开放的跨境资本流,就可以让各国受益。
加强各国之间的经济和金融联系被视为实现持续收益、提高效率和生产率、减轻金融动荡威胁的最佳办法。这一方针还被认为能够产生共同利益,包括加强内部社会流动性、降低国与国之间的暴力冲突风险等。这一方针还有望支持发展中和发达国家间的积极趋同,从而减少绝对和相对贫困、遏制非法跨境移民的经济激励。
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