Howard Davies
fears that bringing the current bout of inflation under control will carry high costs, suggests ways monetary policymakers can protect their reputations, defends the UK Treasury from accusations that it is too powerful, and more.
For decades, relative global stability, sound economic-policy management, and the steady expansion of trade to and from emerging markets combined to keep costs down. But now all these conditions have been overturned, and the world is settling into a dangerous and destabilizing new regime.
explains why the long era of low inflation, cheap imports, and consistent growth is now over.
伯克利—将无条件全民基本收入制度化,以此改造福利国家,这一古老的概念最近成为政治界的时髦想象。左翼将它视为一个简单的、具有潜在完整性的减贫良药。右翼将它视为打破复杂的福利官僚、同时兼顾一些社会转移义务,并且不会显著减弱激励的方法。而在机器人可能取代诸多行业的工人时,它又为惨淡的未来提供了一些保证。但它真的管用吗?
目前,这个问题主要在发达国家被着手解决——并且数字看来情况不妙。尽管据信加拿大、芬兰和荷兰目前都在考虑基本收入的概念,但一些著名的发达国家经济学家警告这完全是不可承受的。比如,在美国,在现行制度下,向每位成年人每年发放10,000美元救济——低于官方单身贫困线——就将耗尽几乎所有联邦税收入。也许正是出于这样的算计,让瑞士选民在本月早些时候的全民公决中一边倒地拒绝了这一概念。
但中低收入国情况如何?事实上,在贫困线较低、现有社会安全网管理起来事倍功半的地方,基本收入在财政上很有可能是可行的——从社会角度更是令人向往。
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