Inflation targeting is a means to an end – to facilitate full employment and higher GDP growth – and, at least in Japan, substantial progress has been made toward achieving it. So, if faster price growth, like higher unemployment, implies economic and social costs, why should the Bank of Japan remain obsessed with bringing it about?
says that rigid pursuit of a particular rate of price growth could hurt more than help ordinary people.
Since 1960, only a few countries in Latin America have narrowed the gap between their per capita income and that of the United States, while most of the region has lagged far behind. Making up for lost ground will require a coordinated effort, involving both technocratic tinkering and bold political leadership.
explain what it will take finally to achieve economic convergence with advanced economies.
Between now and the end of this decade, climate-related investments need to increase by orders of magnitude to keep the world on track toward achieving even more ambitious targets by mid-century. Fortunately, if done right, such investments could usher in an entirely new and better economy.
explains what it will take to mobilize capital for the net-zero transition worldwide.
东京—日本经济已连续七个季度实现正增长,平均年增长率达到了1.9%。总需求超过潜在产出1%,日本的“GDP缺口”现在已是正数。失业率下降至2.7%,为1993年以来的最低水平,岗位招募-申请比例达到了1.56,为1974年以来的最高水平,导致包括建筑、零售、快递等多个部门出现劳动力急剧短缺。今年1月,日经股票平均价格突破24,000日元,为1991年以来的最高水平。
但是,尽管这些指标现实日本终于走出了二十多年的停滞、通缩和经济不安全状态,但标题通货膨胀率仍然只有0.6%,远低于日本银行2%的目标。此外,引人注目的是,尽管日本银行将低通胀归因于能源价格下跌,但如今能源对通胀的贡献实为正数。若将新鲜食物剔除出物价指数,则通胀率将升至0.9%,但若将能源剔除,通胀率将降至0.3%。
考虑到当前劳动力短缺的情况,为何日本没有出现健康的工资-通胀螺旋始终是一个谜。诚然,美国和欧洲也难觅通胀踪影。但日本的情况尤其突出。多年来,日本实体经济一直依靠高达GDP的6%的财政赤字,以及由日本银行行长黑田东彦于2013年4月开始实施的巨量量化宽松(QE)的支撑。此后,债务-GDP比率升至230%,日本银行持有了超过40%的未到期政府债券(JGB)。
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