Robert Skidelsky, a member of the British House of Lords and Professor Emeritus of Political Economy at Warwick University, was a non-executive director of the private Russian oil company PJSC Russneft from 2016 to 2021. The author of a three-volume biography of John Maynard Keynes, he began his political career in the Labour party, became the Conservative Party’s spokesman for Treasury affairs in the House of Lords, and was eventually forced out of the Conservative Party for his opposition to NATO’s intervention in Kosovo in 1999.
伦敦—减轻机器人焦虑已经成为商业辩护学的一个主要焦点。常识认为,越多工作岗位被自动化,就越少的人的有工作。这样的看法绝非愚蠢。一个显著的例子是无人驾驶汽车。如果汽车可以自己驾驶,司机和的士司机等职业会怎么样?
经济理论告诉我们,这是杞人忧天。给工人配属机器能增加他们每一小时的产出。然后便是不可避免的选择:工资不变,工作减少,或工作时间不变,工资增加。而随着现有商品价格的下降,消费者将有更多的钱用于买更多商品或不同的东西。无论如何,都没有理由认为会出现人类工作岗位的净损失——或发生除了生活标准改善之外的任何情况。
历史经验亦然。过去两百年来,生产率稳步上升,特别是在西方。西方人选择了更多的闲暇和更高的收入。1870年以来,富裕国家的工作时间减少了一半,而真实人均收入上升了五倍。
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