Artificial intelligence is being designed and deployed by corporate America in ways that will disempower and displace workers and degrade the consumer experience, ultimately disappointing most investors. Yet economic history shows that it does not have to be this way.
worry that the technology will be deployed to replace, rather than empower, humans.
Amid labor-supply constraints and economic shocks, the case for productivity-boosting interventions is clear. Unless US policymakers use a combination of investment and incentives to reverse negative productivity trends, the US will achieve modest growth, at best.
urge policymakers to pursue interventions aimed at reducing supply constraints in the non-tradable sector.
伦敦—本月早些时候,国际药品制造商联合会(IFPMA)发布了近10亿美元的AMR(抗生素耐药性)行动基金,支持开发急需的新抗生素。多家全球最大制药公司和惠康基金会(Wellcome Trust)和欧洲投资银行都签约加入了这项计划,在欧洲和美国同步直播了启动仪式。
IFPMA成员和代表纷纷表示严重关注抗药性和新病原体导致的有效抗生素日益稀缺的问题。葛兰素史克公司首席执行官魏爱玛(Emma Walmsley)在《金融时报》发表了一篇评论推销新基金,她引用了由我牵头组织的2014-16年英国抗生素耐药性评估报告的发现。当时我们警告,如果问题得不到解决,到2050年抗生素耐药性导致的死亡人数将达到每年一千万,累计经济损失100万亿美元。
抗生素耐药性危机规模巨大,IFPMA的最新举措毫无疑问是值得欢迎的。但这是否标志着转折点仍有待观察。在抗生素耐药性评估报告中,我们指出,抗生素研发过程的各个阶段都需要更多资金。比如,在初期,显然必须有更强烈的“推动”激励以刺激研究和创新。但还需要“拉动”激励(奖励和结果),如市场准入利益或用药量保证,以诱导新疗法的开发有始有终。
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