Fifteen years after the collapse of the US investment bank Lehman Brothers triggered a devastating global financial crisis, the banking system is in trouble again. Central bankers and financial regulators each seem to bear some of the blame for the recent tumult, but there is significant disagreement over how much – and what, if anything, can be done to avoid a deeper crisis.
伯克利——前美国财政部长萨默斯(Lawrence Summers)在今年的IMF会议上颇有想象力:他说,各国政府的做法,就好比是病人明明是脏器问题,却在给他治脚踝。萨默斯是在批评欧洲将注意力集中在希腊问题这样的次要问题上,而更危险的失衡——北欧和南欧之间的失衡、鲁莽银行债权人与监管不力的政府之间的失衡——却在一天比一天更严重。
但在大西洋的另一边,美国人就找不到任何自命不凡的理由了。萨默斯的比方同样可以用来形容美国——美国人一直把焦点放在社保的长期筹资困境上,而对美国宏观经济和失业危机视而不见。
当前,美国政府的30年债务真实(经通胀调整的)利率为每年1%。假设未来两年美国政府多借5000亿美元,并将这笔钱用于基础设施建设——即使这些投资并非生产性的,其社会回报率只有每年25%。假设——目前看来正是如此——简单凯恩斯政府支出乘数 为2。
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