Emmanuel Guerin
绿色主权财富
巴黎—2011年底，主权财富基金的资产管理总额达到了3万亿美元，在2011年当年直接投资了237个项目，投资总额810亿美元。一些专家甚至估计主权财富基金的资产总量价值6万亿美元。这意味着主权财富基金——国家资本主义的象比对冲基金——自有资本主义的图腾有钱两倍。主权财富基金实力的…
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Bill Gates
贫困国家GDP的问题
西雅图——即使在财政充裕期，发展援助预算也不会富裕。政府领袖和捐款方不得不决定将有限的资源用在哪里。你如何确定哪国该拿到低息贷款或廉价疫苗，哪国有能力为自己的发展计划出资？关键在于我们对发展和人民生活改善的衡量方式。传统上人均GDP（即一国生产的年度商品和服务价值除以该国人口）一…
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Lynn Forester de Rothschild
包容性增长资本主义
伦敦—2012年，皮尤研究中心（Pew Research Center）发现，85%的美国自称中产阶级成年人认为，和十年前相比，维持生活水平对他们来说变得更加困难了。自称属于中低阶级或低级阶级的成年美国人比例从2008年的四分之一上升到现在的三分之一左右。皮尤中心的研究还发现，只…
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Arvind Subramanian
欧元危机的三个新教训
华盛顿—一些观察者认为欧元区洗礼的关键教训是需要更深入的银行一体化来维持货币联盟，但许多经济学家在1999年引入欧元之前就已经指出了这一点。欧元危机的真正教训并不在此，它们不但全新，而且令人惊讶。关于货币联盟的公认智慧是它们的最优性可以用两个问题来评估。首先，组成联盟的地区的经济…
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Otaviano Canuto
货币战争与和平
华盛顿—对于上个月在莫斯科举行的G20财政部长和央行行长会议，人们的目光集中在所谓的“货币战争”上，一些发展中国家的官员指责发达国家追求非常规呃。但另一个关键问题——长期投资融资鲜有人提及，尽管非常规货币政策的结束要求全球经济的长期资产和负债复苏或新生。2008年雷曼兄弟公司的倒…
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Sylvester Eijffinger, Edin Mujagic
Independence Lost
TILBURG – Every major economic crisis has its victims. Some bounce back, while others experience long-lasting, even permanent, damage. When …
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Ashoka Mody
后增长世界？
普林斯顿—在其煽动性的最新论文中，西北大学的罗伯特·戈登（Robert Gordon）指出，技术进步的速度已急剧放慢，因此生活标准的提升（至少在发达国家）即将减速。他说，在20世纪，美国人均收入大约每20—25年翻一番。但下一个一番可能要过100年才能发生——这是19世纪的翻番速…
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Alan Berube
The Return of the Trading City
WASHINGTON, DC – Recently, a group of officials gathered to plot a new trade strategy. It was a typical trade-policy discussion: the partici…
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Ronald McKinnon
不受欢迎的美元本位
帕罗奥图—二战结束以来，美元一直是全球贸易的记账货币、银行间国际收支的清算媒介，也是最主要的正式外汇储备货币。这一安排经常受到批判，但存在可行的替代方案吗？二战结束后，欧洲陷入了萧条和通胀，其问题在于缺少外汇储备，而这意味着贸易存在巨大的机会成本。为了在不要求每笔交易都实现资金收…
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Mahmoud Mohieldin
发展中经济体的长期融资难
华盛顿—自全球金融危机以来，“银行”事实上已沦为一句骂人的脏话。但是，尽管银行毫无疑问可以给经济和生活带来严重伤害，但运转良好的金融系统可以带来极大的好处。越来越多的证据表明——世界银行最新的《全球金融发展报告》对此做了强调——金融机构和市场对经济发展、消除贫困和世界经济的稳定有…
The Frontiers of Growth
Have Russia and China proved that authoritarianism and capitalism can go hand-in-hand? Can legality be imported? Are some countries fated to race ahead while others lag? Does culture shape economics? Is unrestricted foreign investment a help or a hindrance to countries seeking to escape from poverty?
Understanding what makes economies grow is one of the most vexing tasks facing researchers and policymakers. Around the world, growth is universally regarded as the cure-all for human misery. Improved growth rates are also critical to the future of the developed countries, for the cost of backwardness is high – and rises with every new technological advance.
How can faster economic growth be achieved, and what is a fair price to pay for it? Growth is now viewed as creating problems of its own – congestion, pollution, and exploitation, among others– and rich and poor countries alike reckon that these factors, too, must be taken into account.
Project Syndicate’s commentaries on The Frontiers of Growth deliver to readers the best critical thinking on the impact of development strategies on countries everywhere – whatever their level of economic attainment. Contributors include top economists, businessmen, and policymakers, such as former US Treasury Secretary and current chief economic adviser to President Barack Obama Larry Summers, financier George Soros, European Central Bank board member Jürgen Stark, IMF Managing Director Christine Lagarde, former UN Undersecretary General Jose Antonio Ocampo, and former Polish central bank governor Leszek Balcerowicz.
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