MILÁN – Los mercados y los incentivos capitalistas cuentan con grandes ventajas para fomentar la eficiencia, el crecimiento y la innovación económicos y, como argumentó convincentemente Ben Friedman, de la Universidad de Harvard, en su libro The Moral Consequences of Growth (“Las consecuencias morales del Crecimiento”) de 2006, el crecimiento económico es bueno para las sociedades abiertas y democráticas, pero los mercados y los incentivos capitalistas presentan claras deficiencias a la hora de garantizar la estabilidad, la equidad y la sostenibilidad, que pueden afectar negativamente a la cohesión política y social.
Evidentemente, la de abandonar los sistemas capitalistas de mercado e implícitamente el crecimiento no es una opción en realidad. Colectivamente, no tenemos otra opción que la de adaptar el sistema a las condiciones mundiales y tecnológicas cambiantes para lograr la estabilidad, la equidad (tanto en oportunidades como en resultados) y la sostenibilidad. De esos tres imperativos, la sostenibilidad puede ser el más complejo y arduo.
Para muchas personas, la sostenibilidad está relacionada con los recursos naturales finitos y el medio ambiente. En el próximo cuarto de siglo, el tamaño de la economía mundial probablemente se triplicará, gracias en gran medida al crecimiento en los países en desarrollo, a medida que vayan alcanzando ingresos propios de los países desarrollados y adoptando modalidades de consumo similares. Así, pues, existe un temor fundado de que los recursos naturales del planeta (en sentido amplio) y las capacidades de recuperación no resistan la presión.
Para algunos, esa lógica conduce a la conclusión de que el crecimiento es el problema y de que un menor crecimiento es la solución, pero en los países en desarrollo, donde sólo el crecimiento sostenido puede sacar a la población de la pobreza, limitarlo no es la solución. La opción substitutiva es la de cambiar el modelo de crecimiento para atenuar las repercusiones en los recursos naturales y el medio ambiente de unos mayores niveles de actividad económica.
Pero no existe una opción substitutiva que podamos adoptar todos. Cambiar el modelo de crecimiento significa inventar otro nuevo, gradualmente, a partir de partes complementarias. Los dos ingredientes decisivos parecen ser la educación y los valores. Todo el mundo –y no sólo las autoridades– debe entender las consecuencias de nuestras opciones individuales y colectivas. Debemos comprender, por ejemplo, que el aumento de la población y de los niveles de consumo tiene consecuencias intergeneracionales y que la forma como actuemos afectará a los estilos de vida y las oportunidades de nuestros hijos y nietos.
Hasta ahora, la calidad de nuestras opciones ha sido deficiente, al reflejar poca sensibilidad para con la sostenibilidad y las repercusiones de nuestras opciones para las generaciones futuras. A consecuencia de ello, muchos países desarrollados han acumulado deudas públicas peligrosamente grandes e incluso otros riesgos aún mayores debidos a modalidades de crecimiento insostenibles.
La mayoría no seguimos conscientemente –creo yo– opciones que afecten negativamente a las generaciones futuras, por lo que tal vez se deban a un conocimiento deficiente de sus consecuencias. Además, una vez que se opta por una vía de riesgo y sin financiación, resulta difícil de abandonar, porque en el punto de partida una generación está pagando por compromisos pasados y al menos empezando a financiar a las futuras. Parece injusto, porque lo es.
La mayoría de las personas convendrían en que vivir, colectivamente, por encima de nuestras posibilidades, mediante servicios y seguridad sociales no financiados o una utilización desproporcionada de los recursos, impone una carga a nuestra descendencia, pero, aun así, podríamos no ponernos de acuerdo sobre quién debe pagar la financiación de esos programas o sobre la reducción de nuestro consumo de los recursos. Con demasiada frecuencia resulta más fácil abordar el problema distributivo trasladando la carga a los que no están presentes y que están insuficientemente representados por quienes sí que lo están.
La educación y los valores son el fundamento para las opciones racionales individuales y, en última instancia, colectivas. Sin ellos, los incentivos y las políticas que, según sostienen los economistas con razón, son necesarios para aumentar la eficiencia energética, limitar las emisiones de carbono, economizar la utilización del agua y muchas otras cosas carecerán de apoyo y fallarán en el proceso democrático de adopción de decisiones.
Para que triunfe la sostenibilidad, debe ser un proceso ascendente. Los ecologistas están en lo cierto al centrarse en la educación y las opciones individuales, aun cuando sus propuestas normativas no siempre acierten. La educación y los valores impulsarán la innovación local, modificarán los estilos de vida y cambiarán las normas sociales. También afectarán al comportamiento empresarial mediante las opciones de los clientes y los empleados, incluidos los dirigentes empresariales. Así, pues, son componentes esenciales de las fórmulas necesarias para perseguir modalidades sostenibles de crecimiento.
Pero, si bien la educación y los valores son necesarios, está claro que no son suficientes. Las políticas nacionales y los acuerdos internacionales complementarios requerirán un detenido análisis económico y científico y opciones meditadas. La necesidad de compartir las cargas, en particular entre los países en desarrollo y los desarrollados, no desaparecerá por arte de magia. No se deben confundir los riesgos del cambio climático, pese a ser graves, con todo el programa en materia de sostenibilidad.
Hay medidas claras que se pueden adoptar. Una reglamentación apropiada y unos horizontes suficientemente largos pueden volver mucho más eficientes las estructuras de todas clases, sin imponer costos onerosos. De forma similar, el transporte puede pasar a ser menos consumidor de energía sin limitar la movilidad. Algunos de esos cambios podrían ser objeto de una coordinación internacional para evitar repercusiones negativas en la competitividad, ya sean reales o aparentes.
Pero demasiada coordinación puede ser negativa. Ésa es la razón por la que las negociaciones sobre el cambio climático están pasando, del descaminado objetivo de conseguir a cincuenta años vista compromisos arriesgados con metas vinculantes en materia de emisiones de carbono, a centrarse en procesos paralelos y graduales, incluidos unos mejores sistemas de transporte, una mayor eficiencia energética y una mejor planificación urbana, y en el aprendizaje sobre la marcha. Asimismo, las empresas e industrias que usan grandes cantidades de agua crearán, sencillamente, nuevas tecnologías y prosperarán a pesar de la escasez.
El progreso se ha visto facilitado por la conciencia en aumento en la populosa Asia –y en los países en desarrollo en general– de que la sostenibilidad es la clave para lograr sus objetivos de crecimiento a largo plazo. Esa perspectiva tal vez se produzca de forma más natural en un medio en el que se dé un crecimiento rápido, porque, para ser sostenibles, sus modelos de crecimiento requieren una revisión y una adaptación continuas.
Con el tiempo, los valores cambian a medida que se adquieren y difunden los conocimientos. Es probable que les sigan políticas en pro de la sostenibilidad. Lo que no se sabe es si llegaremos a ese punto con la suficiente rapidez para evitar trastornos muy graves o incluso posibles conflictos.


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Terry Mock
"Sustainability may be the most complex and challenging" - Yes, so let's "adapt the system" by using the industry-developed SLDI Code: The World’s First Sustainable Development Decision Model that is symbolized as a universal geometrical algorithm that balances and integrates the triple-bottom line needs of people, planet and profit into a holistic, fractal model that becomes increasingly detailed, guiding effective decisions throughout the community planning, financing, design, regulating, construction and maintenance processes while always enabling project context to drive specific decisions. http://www.triplepundit.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/THE-FRACTAL-FRONTIER.pdf
Sustainable Land Development Initiative
http://www.triplepundit.com/author/sldi/
David Bell
Hi Mike,
This is beautifully written, and succinctly lands some very important points.
Your emphasis on education and values is spot on – though I agree that they are necessary but not sufficient underpinnings of sustainability. I used precisely the same formulation in the conclusion to my book chapter (see p. 21ff.) entitled “Education for Sustainable Development: Cure or Placebo?” - see http://www.lsf-lst.ca/en/what-is-esd/related-research-papers. Ultimately we require a global “culture of sustainability” in order to provide the foundation for sustainability-based wise choices, decisions and policies in the economy, political system, and society generally.
I am reminded of the scenario exercise conducted a number of years ago by the World Business Council on Sustainable Development (WBCSD). They outlined three main scenarios, each of which was premised on the increasing environmental toll of economic activity.
The first scenario (“FROG”) led to environmental disaster. Business As Usual continued under the banner “Forever Recognize Our Growth”. The double entendre of the title referred to the idea that a frog placed in lukewarm water that is gradually heated to the boiling point will fail to “pick up the signals” and instead of jumping our of the pot, will eventually die. By analogy, the global environment in this scenario deteriorates beyond critical thresholds because governments, businesses, and society in general fail to “pick up the signals” in time to avert tragedy. (Cf. the last sentence of your piece!).
In the second scenario, GEO, the signals are picked up in time and draconian action is taken under the aegis of a Global Environmental Organization that is given sufficient authority and power to regulate and legislate the world’s businesses, governments and individuals to behave more sustainably. Disaster is averted.
The third scenario was much preferred. Entitled JAZZ, it entailed a transformation of behaviour achieved through the influence of education and value change rather than through the power and authority of an all powerful global regulatory body. (I’m using these terms as defined in my book Power, Influence and Authority: An Essay in Political Linguistics.) Jazz in this case is not an acronym but a metaphor. Jazz musicians are able to co-create music spontaneously and collaboratively by improvising on a structure outlined in a shared “chart” that shows the melody and chord changes. By analogy, in the JAZZ scenario businesses, governments and citizens/consumers/householders would all be “on the same page” because they would all understand sustainability imperatives and would share the values needed to coordinate actions to achieve sustainable outcomes. Pretty far fetched to be sure, but an intriguing idea. What strikes me as useful in this scenario is the notion that a culture shift toward sustainability would make it a lot easier for both businesses and governments to adopt appropriate policies and decisions.
Another key point you raise is the challenge of developing a more sustainable alternative to the growth model. Basically I think we have somehow to effect a transition from 20th century capitalism to 21st century sustainable enterprise. But what does this entail? I’m sure you are correct that this transition will require plenty of invention and innovation (or what I referred to in an earlier comment as “sustainability ingenuity”.) As you pointed out in your comments back to me, lots of the requisite ingenuity appears to be going on. But how much more is needed? How can we hasten it along? And what will a sustainable economy look like?
I think we have a fair idea of the “design specs” for a sustainable economy. At minimum I think a sustainable economy must:
• Create sustainable livelihoods for (most of) the world’s 1 billion unemployed
• Provide products and services that meet basic needs (food, shelter, water, energy) for a population of over 7 billion rapidly growing toward 9 billion
• Drastically reduce waste (According to Paul Hawken et al.’s book Natural Capitalism, 99% of everything produced in the USA is in the waste stream within 6 months!!)
• Reduce throughputs of energy and materials by factor of 10 (or more likely a factor of 20)
• Operate on a low carbon basis that will allow us to reduce GHG’s approx 80% by 2050
• Reduce environmental impacts and contribute to environmental conservation/restoration
• Reduce transportation impacts (for workers, inputs, and products)
• Encourage sustainable consumption
• Ensure that all companies and businesses are socially and environmentally responsible
• Achieve “smart” effective regulation.
For me the most hopeful point you make in The Sustainability Mindset is about the growing attention to sustainability in Asia and throughout the developing world. No doubt you are doing what you can to encourage this.
Thanks again Mike!
David
David V. J. Bell
Zahed Yousuf
whilst I agree with most of what has been discussed so far with regards to Sustainability - the question I have is who do want to drive forward this bottom up approach? Do we trust politicians and policy makers - as F Hayek points out it is impossible for central planners to have sufficient knowledge to be able to allocate resources efficently and effectively for the benefit of the whole society. Therefore the power to make decisions and policies should be decentralised to many different individuals who are more closely affected by the decisions. This is consistent with the bottom approach but it will mean the private sector will be required to take a much more pro active role in our decisiosn making process. At present the private sector and the financing of the private sector is not designed in such a way to cope with this responsibility and talking to investment bankers and politicians there does seem to be a change in mindset
Incomplete knowledge is one explanation for why people so often make choices that reflect little sensitivity to sustainability. But, behavioral economics concepts - e.g., hyperbolic discounting, payment decoupling, aspects of prospect theory, and mental accounting theories (which postulate that people have sticky, pre-conceived notions of how much they will spend on different types of goods, like electricity bills) - also seem to explain much of our poor choices.
In recommending how to encourage sustainability mindsets going forward, it is important to acknowledge these behavioral factors. Education and improved values would still be part of the solution, but behavioral explanations suggest that education might focus not just on the consequences of making inefficient decisions but also on the logistics of how to make efficient decisions. Further, it suggests a broader role for public policy - beyond burden sharing, public policy could also improve decision making by introducing channel factors or re-framing efficiency decisions.
PROCYON MUKHERJEE
One cannot agree more that education and values hold the key to the future of the sustainability framework. I am however completely influenced by the Swiss example of pricing a common good at all fairness that reflects not only the opportunity costs but also the true long term value that it should command keeping in view the sustainability stand point. Water may be abundant in this country but it is priced the highest in relative terms compared to any other country of the world, which is a small example of how it drives behavior towards conservation. This is true for any other facet from handling of wastes to conservation of natural endowments; this element of sacrifice holds the key to the future, a value that is greatly neglected in the currency of consumption on which the world attempts to prosper.
Procyon Mukherjee
Paul A. Myers
If sustainability requires making good collective choices, then meaningful feedback needs to get back into the decision-making process. This requires pricing externalities into economic decisions.
In the US today, and this year's election in particular, huge forces led by billionaire plutocrats are working to negate the processes by which negative consequences feed back into the collective choice processes of American society. Denial, not consequence, is the desired rule.
A major problem in the developed world is that wealth concentration favors extraction of short-term gain at the expense of long-term sustainability. Will democratic processes be able to overcome this force?
Ken Peterson
Well said, Zsolt!
Things never work out in logical fashion as we all know. The horror that will be delivered upon the unsuspecting of the earth will never be equitably shared between the 1 and the 99.
Should there ever, in fact, be a return to earth of the Man who said "care for the meek and the needy," the coming 50 years should be the perfect time.
Zsolt Hermann
I completely agree with the author that the only options we have to change our present human model is education and values of society.
And I also agree that the way it is happening today has very minimal effect on most part of society, especially as the leading layers of society ignore it and if it becomes too close to them discredit even the scientific data showing the ill effects and unsustainable nature of the constant growth model. And since this is the social layer that could truly drive a mass scale global education we are in a dead end. How could we motivate the top layer to buy into this education program changing social values?
Fortunately humans are not above the system of nature, but we are parts of it, bound by its natural laws.
The constant growth model with its way beyond necessity production/consumption requiring outsripping resources is unsustainable because it goes against all the natural laws of living systems, breaking the balance and homeostasis of the system.
Thus we are witnessing a system failure and we see every day that there is no solution, the desperate helpless attempts of our politicians and financial leaders just make our situation even worse making recovery much more difficult.
By now it is quite clear there is no way out using our previous methods and tricks, and it is also clear to most people that this new closed, integral, interdependent system is something we never experienced before.
The crisis and the lack of solution and the growing public anger, global demonstrations could provide the negative motivation, the pinch from the backside moving the leaders out of their comfort zone to consider initiating the global education necessary.
Of course if we are wise and look at the vast data already available we could avoid the negative push from behind, and strat education and changing values before the crisis gets so bad that we all suffer from it from the 1% to the 99%.