维也纳——急剧萎缩的北极冰盖是地球自然界最显著的变化之一,并由此对环境和经济产生极为深远的影响。一方面,我们将眼睁睁失去地球最大也最重要的生态系统。另一方面,曾经传说中的东北和西北通道能减少一半的运输时间和成本,让中国和日本离欧洲和北美东海岸更近。
北极地区巨大的石油矿产储量开发难度相比目前大大降低将是更直接的结果。阿拉斯加陆地油田和俄罗斯北部陆上天然气田大规模产出碳氢化合物已有多年,但相比北冰洋底的预测储量根本算不了什么。据国际能源企业按现价测算,上述资源可能超过7万亿美元;如果再算上伴生的天然气,那么10万亿美元或许只是比较保守的数字。
由于北冰洋大部水域较浅且位于大陆架上,与之相邻的国家都在争先恐后地宣布按照联合国海洋法公约的规定设立专属经济区。北极理事会在政治上也骤然升温,设立该理事会的初衷是为推动北极各国之间的合作。除加拿大、北欧五国、俄罗斯和美国等八个成员国之外,理事会还吸收了由德、法、英等大国组成的六个常任观察员国。现在,中国、印度和日本也正积极谋求加入。
不仅国家积极争取在北极占据一席之地。大型石油和天然气公司也非常活跃。在2010年英国石油公司(BP)墨西哥湾漏油事故及美国钻探禁令发布后,壳牌在阿拉斯加海岸开展钻探作业的审批工作吸引了众多媒体的关注。不过,今年在楚科奇海钻井三眼和波弗特海钻井两眼的计划先是被缩减到只钻一眼,之后又在安全穹顶(控制井喷的应急装置)受损后再次推迟到明年。
但北极其他地方仍在继续钻井勘探。凯恩能源公司在格陵兰西南部实施钻探操作。俄罗斯石油公司和英国石油公司在俄国合作推进开采北极近海(如伯朝拉海)石油天然气资源的复杂计划。俄罗斯石油公司已和挪威国家石油公司、埃克森美孚和埃尼集团签署勘探协议。大型石油公司中只有法国道达尔一家以环境风险和经济成本为由反对在北极进行石油勘探开采。
北冰洋还面临着若干与石油相关的特殊环境风险。天气和气候就是其中的首要因素。尽管北冰洋在夏天冰雪消融,但在一年中多数时候却都是冰雪覆盖,冰川融化所形成的冰山不仅越来越大,也越来越常见。再加上随时发生的频繁强暴风雪,导致井喷和其他泄漏的危险性大大增加。
还有因地处偏远造成的问题。单就处理井喷的临近资源而言,2010年的英国石油公司事故发生在最幸运的地点:墨西哥湾云集了世界上为数最多的石油公司、分包商、石油工程师、设备和车间。但封闭马康多油井仍然耗时三个月。而所有这些资源距北极地区都远隔千里。清理行动因为美国密西西比及临近各州成千上万人的参与才得以顺利完成。但北极地区到哪里去找那么多人?
此外,多数原油泄漏在温暖水域所造成的影响需要五年时间才能逐步消散。但寒冷水域的恢复速度要慢得多,1989年埃克森公司阿拉斯加湾漏油事件已经证明了这一点。经验法则显示温度每升高十摄氏度化学生化反应速度提升一倍在污染消散问题上同样适用。因此,在墨西哥湾需要五年的过程在北极就需要超过20年。
此外,因为北极低生物多样性生态系统的食物网非常简单,导致所谓连锁效应比温带或温暖地区更为显著。单个物种或食性层级(包含在食物链中起到同样作用的有机体)的消亡对其他物种造成影响的速度难以预测。
迫使壳牌将钻探推迟到来年的美国海上石油作业新规无疑比原有规则更为严格,并可以降低井喷的风险。但如果真发生井喷,钻减压井是阻止泄漏和封井独一无二的可靠方法。钻减压井最快也要耗时数月,而北极地区可能需要一年或者更长。
但有一个办法可以将所需时间压缩到短短几天:即一开始就平行地钻两眼井。万一其中一眼发生井喷,另一眼就能迅速发挥减压井的作用。
这无疑将导致钻井成本大幅上升。但如果来不及发明在北极安全开采石油的新技术,政府就应当对石油公司有此要求。
翻译:Xu Binbin


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Zsolt Hermann
If someone is suffering from addiction, and is running out of his preferred substance and knows where he can get it, it is only a matter of time until he will go to any length to get what he needs, even at the expense of violence, in this case possible corruption or even war.
There is only one way of solving the insatiable energy craving, stopping the root cause, addressing the question why humanity needs infinite amount of energy today.
The reason behind this craving, and in fact behind every other ailment facing humanity today is our unnatural and at the end unsustainable socio-economic system.
Our present lifestyle and basic attitude is based on the overproduction over consumption economic engine, trying to generate "endless profit" for a handful of "well connected people" enslaving the rest.
Humans are brainwashed at every second to urge them to keep shopping, craving pleasures and goods they never had any natural desire for, to keep up with the global society updating gadgets, cars, appliances, consuming surplus food and drink whenever and wherever possible.
People hear from everywhere "you deserve this", "enjoy the moment", "life is about maximum fun, and pleasure", while in the meantime more and more people get trapped under unsolvable debt burdens, find deeper and deeper emptiness beyond every new purchase or twisted pleasure.
Even on the global scale the whole of humanity is inching closer and closer to either economic, political or environmental catastrophe.
We are running out of time to find a cure to our addiction in a wise and relatively pleasant way and very soon we might be facing another type of cure: changing as a result of complete crisis, sufferings and wars.
Anonymous HopefulSkeptic
One of the links is broken. For archiving old, broken, or no longer functioning websites, one need look no further than archive.org (web archive) which is run by librarians who keep excellent digital records of many of the websites on the WWW.
http://web.archive.org/web/20111015034421/http://oco.jpl.nasa.gov/pubs/Abrupt_Climate_Change_Scenario.pdf
www.archive.org
Anonymous HopefulSkeptic
There are some in the scientific community who opine that the long-term effects of global warming lead to global cooling in the long run. I do believe that global warming is a serious threat, but it is also quite possible that there is a paradox stranger than fiction involved in global historical meteorological processes. Consider the Intelligence Community's Andrew Marshall, who is revered by many as "Oz" or "Yoda" who predicts that the long-term effect of global warming is in fact global cooling. Apparently the global plutocratic kleptocratic power elite also think so, as the minutes of the bilderberg organization show that global cooling (that's right) not global warming was a topic of discussion on their 2010 agenda. What's one to make of this seemingly impossible paradox? I don't know, I was dumbfounded and awestruck when I confirmed through my own research that there are people who believe in its authenticity, accuracy, and validity.
http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/jamesdelingpole/100055500/global-cooling-and-the-new-world-order/
http://www.bilderbergmeetings.org/meeting_2010.html
oco.jpl.nasa.gov/pubs/Abrupt_Climate_Change_Scenario.pdf
www.climate.org/PDF/clim_change_scenario.pdf
http://web.archive.org/web/20070604222540/http://www.grist.org/pdf/AbruptClimateChange2003.pdf
http://www.grist.org/article/pentagoners/
http://www.google.com/search?client=safari&rls=en&q=andrew+marshall,+pentagon+report&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8
portland.indymedia.org/en/2004/02/281049.shtml
www.monthlyreview.org/0504editors.htm
http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:aSBA_-exzrAJ:science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2004/05mar_arctic/+andrew+marshall+global+cooling&cd=5&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us&client=safari
http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:eUmoXF0L6g4J:en.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enwiki/178649+andrew+marshall+global+cooling&cd=7&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us&client=safari
http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:BpQccbpCtxsJ:portland.indymedia.org/en/2004/02/281049.shtml+Andrew+Marshall+2020+war&cd=5&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us&client=safari
http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2004/feb/22/usnews.theobserver
http://www.google.com/search?client=safari&rls=en&q=pentagon+predicts+war+in+2020&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8