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Deriva nacional o dominio mundial

LONDRES – Cuando los dirigentes empresariales mundiales se reúnen en Davos, un cambio de paradigma necesario desde hacía mucho –el de subordinar el objetivo de inflación al objetivo de crecimiento– está cobrando forma lentamente.

En lo que algunos llaman un “momento opuesto al de Volcker”, el Presidente de la Reserva Federal de los Estados Unidos, Ben Bernanke, ha concretado un objetivo de 6,5 por ciento de desempleo junto a su objetivo de inflación; el nuevo Gobierno del Japón ha propuesto un objetivo mínimo de inflación; y Mark Carney, el próximo gobernador del Banco de Inglaterra, ha sostenido que “no podía haber un argumento más favorable para que se fijara un objetivo de PIB nominal”. Entretanto, China ha prometido duplicar la renta nacional media por habitante de aquí a 2020.

Lamentablemente, han sido necesarios cuatro años de grave subestimación de las consecuencias de la austeridad fiscal y una escasez crónica de demanda (con lo que las posibilidades de oferta de la economía han empezado a reducirse en la misma medida) para que acordáramos fijar un objetivo de crecimiento, cosa que pidió el G-20 en 2009.

Así, pues, ¿por qué, si se está materializando el cambio, hay tan poco optimismo en materia de crecimiento cuando entramos en 2013 y por qué se habla tanto de un “decenio perdido”? La respuesta es la de que el problema del crecimiento escaso requiere algo más que un cambio de políticas monetarias nacionales: requiere también un acuerdo para coordinar el crecimiento mundial, solución de la que no se ha hablado.

Naturalmente, una parte del pesimismo se debe a la debilidad de Europa, que sólo ha acordado que el Banco Central Europeo pase a ser el prestamista de última instancia, y otra parte se debe al reconocimiento de los límites de la llamada relajación cuantitativa. En parte, somos víctimas de un pesimismo que se alimenta a sí mismo: la idea de que un endeudamiento excesivo nos condena al desempleo y al estancamiento, sin que se pueda conseguir nada positivo intentando utilizar la expansión fiscal o la innovación monetaria para contrarrestarlos.

Pero yo creo que no hemos crecido más rápido por una razón fundamental. Dicho de forma sencilla, hace diez años los Estados Unidos podían propiciar una recuperación mundial. Tal vez dentro de diez años, el gasto de los consumidores asiáticos colme ese vacío, pero hoy, por primera vez en varios decenios, ninguna economía por sí sola puede impulsar la economía mundial.

Durante ciento cincuenta años y hasta 2010, correspondió a Occidente (los Estados Unidos y Europa) la mayor parte de la producción, la manufactura, el comercio, la inversión y el consumo mundiales. Ahora estamos en una época de transición, en la que el resto del mundo supera la producción, la manufactura, el comercio y la inversión de Europa y los Estados Unidos... pero no su consumo.

Ese desequilibrio significa que los productores de la mayoría de los bienes y servicios son países no occidentales, pero dependen de los consumidores occidentales para absorber su producción. Mientras no haya concluido la transición, dependeremos unos de otros: nadie puede triunfar por sí solo, pero, a falta de una coordinación mundial, el mundo estará estancado, ejecutando su versión mundial del “dilema del prisionero”: un universo en el que ninguna economía grande puede triunfar por sí sola, pero en el que ninguna confía en ninguna otra lo suficiente para intentar lograr la cooperación y la coordinación.

Los objetivos de PIB nominal pueden ser una forma necesaria de avanzar, pero no son suficientes para acabar con la lentitud del crecimiento mundial. Incluso la más audaz de las iniciativas nacionales puede fallar... no porque la fijación del objetivo de crecimiento económico sea un método erróneo, sino porque no hay forma de sostener los niveles mayores de crecimiento que necesitamos sin una mejor coordinación mundial. A falta de un marco mundial favorable, todo cambio de política económica que sea puramente nacional, como el objetivo de empleo, dará resultados limitados (y puede desacreditar el propósito de consecución de un objetivo de empleo nacional).

Así, pues, la carencia de la política fundamental actual –aún por abordar– estriba en la renuencia de los gobiernos nacionales a asumir la dirección mundial. Los cínicos podrían sostener que se trata de una disfuncionalidad del proceso de adopción de decisiones nacionales reproducido en el nivel mundial, pero hay una explicación más convincente: nadie se enfrentará a un proteccionismo generalizado.

Naturalmente, el nacionalismo económico resulta evidente en los Estados Unidos, con su nerviosismo ante China y su hostilidad para con los acuerdos mundiales, pero también Europa está contemplando ahora una ola de sentimiento antiinmigración y resistencia en aumento a ayudar a los países más pobres.

De hecho, resulta más seguro a los políticos ofrecer lo opuesto de una visión mundial: renacionalizar todos los problemas económicos y atribuirlos todos a errores de los oponentes nacionales. Así, durante cuatro años, los déficits presupuestarios, que, desde luego, hay que abordar mediante planes de reducción de la deuda a largo plazo, han monopolizado virtualmente el debate sobre la política económica en Europa y los Estados Unidos, a expensas de debates sensatos sobre el crecimiento, el empleo y el comercio.

Dicho toscamente, es más beneficioso políticamente para un político de la oposición afirmar que los problemas de su país tienen causas endógenas, se deben a un derroche nacional y tienen poco que ver con los fallos financieros mundiales. Habría que excusar a los ciudadanos por sacar la conclusión de que la crisis financiera mundial de 2008 nada tuvo que ver con un desplome bancario mundial y fue causada enteramente por algunos gobiernos nacionales despilfarradores que acumularon déficits.

A consecuencia de ello, millones de personas están innecesariamente desempleadas y otros millones más afrontan reducciones en su nivel de vida. Ahora la economía es mundial, pero la política sigue siendo local. Las amenazas mundiales aumentan, mientras que los programas de las cumbres internacionales se contraen, con lo que se refuerza el mito de que son simples reuniones en las que se suelta palabrería.

Pero, precisamente cuando el sentimiento proteccionista frustra la cooperación, falta por concertar un acuerdo mundial sobre el crecimiento. Comienza con el reconocimiento de que grandes superávits de ahorro y mucha capacidad no utilizada están esperando a que se los movilice y de que una mayor demanda de consumo entre la clase media en aumento de Asia constituye la clave para la   expansión. Aun así, China, cuyos consumidores pueden perfectamente absorber importaciones procedentes de Occidente, seguirá mostrándose cautelosa a la hora de impulsar la demanda de la clase media, mientras tema perder algunos de sus mercados de exportación occidentales. El Gobierno de la India quiere abrir su economía a las importaciones occidentales, pero el resto del mundo no está abordando sus temores de una excesiva exposición a la inestabilidad mundial.

Sólo una coordinación de las políticas que abarque todas las economías del G-20 puede romper ese ciclo vicioso de escasa confianza y lento crecimiento comercial. Si China pudiera confiar en que sus mercados de exportación no le fallarían, podría ampliar su demanda de consumo interno y aceptar bienes occidentales. Asimismo, si los Estados Unidos confiaran en poder vender en Asia, la confianza de los consumidores occidentales aumentaría.

Hace tres años, el Fondo Monetario Internacional mostró que coordinando la expansión de la demanda asiática y la inversión en infraestructuras occidentales podríamos movilizar los fondos privados para grandes proyectos de asociaciones público-privadas. La producción mundial aumentaría un tres por ciento, habría un crecimiento del empleo de entre 25 y 30 millones de puestos de trabajo y cien millones de personas escaparían de la pobreza.

La coordinación económica mundial ha dejado de ser un lujo. Las burlas de Winston Churchill sobre las políticas del decenio de 1930 nos asaltan también a nosotros. Según dijo Churchill entonces, los gobiernos estaban “decididos a ser indecisos, inflexibles para ir a la deriva, sólidos para la fluidez y todopoderosos para la impotencia”. En 2013, también nosotros debemos abordar la indecisión, las derivas y la consiguiente impotencia.

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  1. Commented

    Kathy Holland

    Actually, Gordon, I see the debt overhang as one of the areas of growth potential. If done properly we can bring unemployment under control and experience financial discoveries in the process. Is there any other way to do this without fiscal expansion? I mean really how does one drive a vehicle with a V12 engine but only 6 are working?

    Targeting and coordinating growth cooperatively are promising steps towards our global vision.

    Excellent article.

  2. Commented

    John Nugée

    With the rise of the emerging market economies, the world is a less homogenous place than it was, with no one dominant ideology (China’s version of capitalism – run by the state for the state – is materially different and leads to a significantly different policy mix), and a less ordered and consensual place, because more countries have the economic might to expect that their concerns over how the global economy is run will be given due consideration. This leads to more variety in policy responses, and less uniformity and adherence to a standard orthodoxy, and results in the more complex world financial system we now have.

    One consequence of Asia’s emergence is the large increase in reserves as a percentage of world GDP and world trade. Both of these numbers tell the same story, which is of a world that now operates with more cash per unit of activity. In economic terms, that signifies a reduction in financial efficiency – if money is the fuel that drives economic activity, then the world economy now requires more fuel per unit of output.

    This should not be a great surprise, because over the last 20 years the world has moved from a position where global economic activity was dominated by developed (and so presumed efficient) economies, to one where more than 50% of world GDP is now generated by developing (and so presumed less efficient) ones. We know that the Chinese economy is energy-inefficient (literally: it uses much more oil or oil-equivalent to generate a dollar of GDP than the US does), and it is not a great surprise that it is also finance-inefficient.

    Given that we don’t expect any of these trends to change – China is not about to become a smaller part of world GDP and it is not going to become a much more efficient economy overnight – the bigger question is what this means for the global economy going forward. I would suggest there are two main consequences: a global financial system with excess liquidity washing around it will be more difficult to control, and a global economy in which increasingly large parts of it are not subject to the automatic stabilisers of market economics (ie, the Chinese authorities can set their face for longer against market-driven corrections of imbalances) will be subject to larger excesses and sharper reversals. Not a very encouraging outlook.

  3. Commented

    Robert Pringle

    As the comments show, Gordon, your article has struck a chord with many observers. But there is a big lacuna in your argument.

    What is missing is something to convince governments, the business community and electorates that the results of a big global stimulus will actually be beneficial, in terms of sustainable growth and employment. Won’t they also splutter out, leaving heightened concern about inflation and even more debt and little real growth?

    Without complementary action, such a Keynesian package could also trigger heightened exchange rate conflicts, as new monetary surges destabilise emerging markets in the search for yield and spark new cross-border currency and asset bubbles.

    The remedy is to strengthen the international monetary system so that it can contain the forces that such a boost would unleash, as explained in www.themoneytrap.com.

  4. Commented

    Carol Maczinsky

    So let's get back to proper regulation and economical governance and sent canon boats to offshore islands and other parasites of the international order.

  5. Commented

    Timothy Williamson

    Here's the problem, we're too focussed on minutia. To move forward, to lift up all our peoples, in a hyper-connected world where our interactions with others are accelerating across and beyond traditional borders, then a big vision is needed. See my presentation called, Human complexity-Creating sustainable local growth at

    http://bit.ly/XS6M8C

  6. Commented

    jracforr jracforr

    Free unrestricted trade which allow nations to create vast trade imbalance is a thing of the past. This is not economic nationalism it is called common sense.Just as we set loss limits in trading on the stock market,so should they be applied to international trade. The US is bankrupt by free trade and China will not expand consumption unless it is guaranteed unlimited access to the US already bankrupt economy !!?? really. Is it any wonder India is skeptical of the present economic system.

  7. Commented

    Robert Wolff

    Gordon only missed one point - that for inert money to invest itself in growth requires the prospect of profit with reasonable risk - and the only place that exists is Asia.

    How will the West encourage trillions of dollars on the sidelines to invest in Western growth? Western governments can no longer afford to subsidize profits in the West. The US experienced 2% growth in 2012 with a profit rate of 12% - which means that 10% of corporate profit was subsidized by US Government and US consumer debt. The accumulated debt prohibits further government subsidization of profits.

    Is Prime Minister Gordon suggesting something other than capitalist profit maximization as the cure for world financial ills?

  8. Commented
    Portrait of Pingfan Hong

    Pingfan Hong

    You can target growth, but what is more importantly is whether you can attain the target through the policy instruments at your disposal.

  9. Commented

    Anthony Botsman

    No to any form of global coordination , a contradiction in terms and part of a typical wish list from governments ignoring the need for competitiveness.

    When we see accountability and transparency within the last/only unmeasured 'sector' , ie Government, then and only then will we see a return to healthy, equitable growth.

    Capital and talent will flow to progressively managed economies such as Latvia who 'bit the bullet' and reduced their public servants (but not service) by 30%; others must follow and governments in general accept the need for a 'source and application' transparency as part of their accounting and accountability.
    Tony Botsman

    1. Commented

      Timothy Williamson

      Anthony, there is a way. Actually, it's absolutely imperative that we utilize the connections growing globally regardless of state. Those days are over. Here's the problem, we're too focussed on minutia. To move forward, to lift up all our peoples, in a hyper-connected world where our interactions with others are accelerating across and beyond traditional borders, then a big vision is needed. See my presentation called, Human complexity-Creating sustainable local growth at http://bit.ly/XS6M8C

  10. Commented

    Frank O'Callaghan

    The great change wrought in parallel with globalization was greater inequality. This must be reversed. The poor have paid for the crisis.

  11. Commented

    J St. Clair

    "Asian demand and investment in Western infrastructure"....for income?....."Global output would rise 3%, employment would grow by 25-30 million, and 100 million people would escape poverty"...this is ambiguous...where and which povertied people are we talking about...

  12. Commented

    Paul Langford

    Actually if you're a country/company supplying what (say) Chinese and Indian consumers want, growth isn't really an issue (I don't think the board of Volkswagen will be too worried for example).

    The UK of course has long focussed on more established markets. According to an IMF report, income inequality has driven middle/working class indebtedness (and the woeful current account balance). Structural change isn't easy or quick (BoE report), and consumers and government are going to be deleveraging for years (in part because of off balance sheet PFI commitments, though that of course isn't the whole story).

    In short, this article seems more like an appeal for others to grow enough so we can grab onto their coat tails. In the meantime we need to make sensible adjustments (not the short sharp burst of "austerity" kind, though debt will have to decrease) but I suspect also the outlook doesn't look pretty in the UK for quite some time. (That's not to contradict Timothy's message for which perhaps "decarbonisation" in some form could be a grand project - but don't look to the current UK govt to put up any money!)

  13. Commented

    Timothy Williamson

    I've been saying this for some time: our focus has been in the wrong direction - it needs to be forward looking, big, awe-inspiring. see my presentation at.... Here's my newest presentation called "Human Complexity - Creating Sustainable Local Growth" at http://bit.ly/XS6M8C

  14. Commented

    donna jorgo

    FIRST . i HAVE TO SAY MY RESPECT ..you safe UK (sterlin)from desaster ..
    iam agree in total accapt the last economy will go in luxery ..
    because if we have to remande the global popularity will grow very soon 9b
    and THE IDEOLOGY KENYSE starte to trasist the economy in NOT policy monetary but spend for take back
    Europe is not the only continent have emigrant problem (so this is not exuse)
    'antanagonismo' was and will continue to be strong (because all wanted to survive)
    THANK YOU (sorry for not perfect eng)

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