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La crisis de valores de Europa

NUEVA YORK – La xenofobia y el extremismo son síntomas de sociedades que padecen una crisis profunda. En 2012, la organización de extrema derecha “Amanecer Dorado” obtuvo 21 escaños en las elecciones legislativas de Grecia, el derechista Jobbik ganó terreno en mi país natal, Hungría, y el Frente Nacional de Marine Le Pen recibió un fuerte respaldo en las elecciones presidenciales de Francia. Un apoyo en aumento a fuerzas similares en toda Europa apunta a una conclusión ineludible: la prolongada crisis financiera del continente está creando una crisis de valores que ahora amenaza a la propia Unión Europea.

Cuando la Unión Europea sólo era una aspiración, era una idea inmensamente atractiva que disparó la imaginación de muchos, incluido yo. La consideré la encarnación de una sociedad abierta: una asociación voluntaria de Estados soberanos dispuestos a ceder una parte de sus soberanía por el bien común. Compartían una historia común, en la que la Revolución Francesa, con su lema de libertad, igualdad y fraternidad dejó un legado duradero. A partir de dicha tradición, los Estados miembros formaron una unión basada en la igualdad y no dominada por un Estado o una nacionalidad.

Ahora la crisis del euro ha convertido a la UE en algo radicalmente distinto. Lejos de ser una asociación voluntaria, ahora la zona del euro se mantiene unida mediante una dura disciplina; lejos de ser una asociación de iguales, se ha convertido en una disposición jerárquica en la que el centro dicta la política, mientras que la periferia está cada vez más subordinada; en lugar de la fraternidad y la solidaridad, proliferan los estereotipos hostiles.

El proceso de integración fue encabezado por un pequeño grupo de estadistas con amplitud de miras que subscribieron los principios de la sociedad abierta y practicaron lo que Karl Popper llamó “ingeniería social fraccionada”. Reconocieron que la perfección es inalcanzable, por lo que fijaron objetivos limitados y un estricto cumplimiento de los plazos fijados y después movilizaron la voluntad política para dar un pequeño paso adelante, sabiendo perfectamente que, cuando lo hubieran logrado, su insuficiencia resultaría patente, pues requeriría otros pasos. Así fue como la Comunidad Europea del Carbón y del Acero se transformó gradualmente en la UE.

Francia y Alemania solían estar en la vanguardia de esa empresa. Cuando se desintegró el imperio soviético, los dirigentes de Alemania reconocieron que la reunificación alemana sólo era posible en el marco de una Europa más unida y estuvieron dispuestos a hacer sacrificios considerables para lograrla. A la hora de negociar, los alemanes estuvieron dispuestos a contribuir un poco más y recibir un poco menos de los demás, con lo que facilitaron el acuerdo.

En aquel momento, los estadistas alemanes afirmaban que Alemania no tenía una política exterior independiente, sólo europea. Esa posición propició una espectacular aceleración de la integración europea, que culminó en la aprobación del Tratado de Maastricht en 1992 y la introducción del euro en 1999. Siguió un período de consolidación (del que formó parte la introducción de los billetes y monedas de euros en 2002).

Después llegó el desplome de 2008, que se originó en los Estados Unidos, pero causó problemas mayores en Europa que en ningún otro sitio. Las autoridades reaccionaron ante el desplome de Lehman Brothers anunciando que no se permitiría la quiebra de ninguna otra entidad financiera sistémicamente importante, lo que requería la substitución de los mercados congelados por el crédito estatal.

Sin embargo, poco después la canciller alemana, Angela Merkel, indicó que esas garantías debían correr a cargo de cada uno de los Estados por separado, no de Europa colectivamente. Eso fue el comienzo de la crisis del euro, pues reveló una deficiencia de la moneda única de la que ni las autoridades ni los mercados financieros eran conscientes… y que aún no está del todo reconocida actualmente.

Al crear el Banco Central Europeo, los Estados miembros expusieron sus bonos estatales al peligro de suspensión de pagos. Los países desarrollados que emiten bonos en su moneda propia nunca suspenden pagos, porque siempre pueden imprimir dinero. Su divisa puede depreciarse, pero no existe el riesgo de suspensión de pagos.

En cambio, los países menos desarrollados que se endeudan en divisas extranjeras pueden quedarse sin reservas de divisas. Cuando una crisis fiscal afectó a Grecia, el mundo financiero descubrió de repente que los miembros de la zona del euro se habían colocado en la posición de los países en desarrollo.

Hay un estrecho paralelismo entre la crisis del euro y la de la deuda latinoamericana de 1982, cuando el Fondo Monetario Internacional salvó el sistema financiero internacional al prestar a los países profundamente endeudados el dinero justo para permitirles evitar la suspensión de pagos, pero el FMI impuso una austeridad estricta a dichos países, lo que los sumió en una depresión prolongada. Latinoamérica padeció un decenio perdido.

Actualmente, Alemania está desempeñando el mismo papel que el FMI entonces. Las circunstancias difieren, pero el efecto es el mismo. La crisis del euro llevó al sistema financiero al borde de la bancarrota, cosa que se ha evitado imponiendo una austeridad estricta y prestando a países como Grecia el dinero justo para evitar la suspensión de pagos.

A consecuencia de ello, la zona del euro ha quedado dividida entre acreedores y deudores y los primeros llevan el mando de la política económica. Hay un centro, encabezado por Alemania, y una periferia, compuesta de países profundamente endeudados. La imposición por parte de los acreedores de una austeridad estricta a la periferia está perpetuando la división de la zona del euro entre el centro y la periferia. Las condiciones económicas siguen deteriorándose, lo que causa un inmenso sufrimiento humano. Las inocentes, frustradas y airadas víctimas de la austeridad constituyen un terreno fértil para los discursos cargados de odio, la xenofobia y todas las formas de extremismo.

De modo, que políticas concebidas para preservar el sistema financiero y el euro están transformando la UE en lo opuesto de una sociedad abierta. Hay una aparente contradicción entre los requisitos financieros del euro y los objetivos políticos de la UE. Se podrían cumplir los requisitos financieros reproduciendo las disposiciones que prevalecieron en la economía mundial en el decenio de 1980 y dividiendo la zona del euro en un centro y una periferia, pero no se podría conciliar esa operación con los principios de una sociedad abierta.

Existen formas de modificar las políticas aplicadas para preservar el euro a fin de cumplir con los objetivos de la UE. Por ejemplo, se podrían substituir los bonos estatales particulares de los países por eurobonos, pero, mientras persista la contradicción, los objetivos políticos deben tener prelación. Lamentablemente, no es así. Los problemas financieros están apremiando a los políticos y monopolizando su atención. Los dirigentes de Europa están tan centrados en la crisis actual, que no tienen tiempo para calibrar los efectos a largo plazo de sus acciones. A consecuencia de ello, siguen un rumbo que perpetúa la división entre el centro y la periferia.

Se trata de una perspectiva tan sombría, que no se debe permitir que se haga realidad. Originalmente, la UE fue concebida como un instrumento de solidaridad y cooperación. En la actualidad, se mantiene unida por una desoladora necesidad. No es ésa la Europa que queremos ni la que necesitamos. Debemos dar marcha atrás a esa intolerable transformación. Debemos encontrar una forma de recuperar el espíritu de solidaridad y valores compartidos que en otro tiempo inspiró a la imaginación europea.

Traducido del inglés por Carlos Manzano.

George Soros es Presidente del Soros Fund Management y de las Fundaciones de la Sociedad Abierta.

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  1. Commented

    Anonymous HopefulSkeptic

    There is a little known history about how the European Coal and Steel Community was formed. Declassified documents show that the elite members of the Third Reich planned for a Fourth Reich before World War II had ended. The Fourth Reich was planned to become an economic empire. The document is real. All one has to do is take the number "
    http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1179902/Revealed-The-secret-report-shows-Nazis-planned-Fourth-Reich--EU.html
    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_LeBor
    http://ia700401.us.archive.org/20/items/Ew-pa128Report/Ew-pa128Report.pdf

    I did an advanced google search for the Red House Report and came up
    with this link which shows that a FOIA request for Document EW-PA 128 did in fact occur (In google advanced search, I limited search resultsto pdf files only, to government websites only, and to the exact
    phrase, "EW-PA 128"), so the document is real:
    (see roughly page 26 ... use the find function (control + F) and type in EW-PA 128): http://www.dod.gov/pubs/foi/administration_and_Management/FOIA_Logs/FOIALog_FY01.pdf
    http://www.cuttingthroughthematrix.com/articles/Intelligence_Report_EW-Pa_128.html

  2. Commented
    100%

    stephen swanson

    Mr Soros is blinded and hostage to an unworkable ideology that does fails to account for unsustainable state policies, bloated bureaucricies, choking labor and product/market regulations, huge unit labor cost differentials, corruption and state sponsored cronyism. Why should Germany further assist Greece when the latter persistently fails to correct systemic tax evasion and implement a suite of promised reforms?

  3. Commented

    donna jorgo

    right ..but i think we have to see in diffrent prissme..because if some emigrant come from Pakistan or AF or from middle weast anyway..they have to spend 3-5000$ SO for the level how they live there this money is enough ..my logic go WHY? ..MAYBE SOME ????religion reason wanted to make mix ..regions' for others intreses?
    thank you

  4. Commented

    Carol Maczinsky

    First you criticise Xenophobia of the population in a paternalistic manner, while you continue to fuel anti-German sentiment and crisis blame games focussed on creditor nations. As someone involved in finance you should know better that it is misleading and unprincipled.

  5. Commented

    Carol Maczinsky

    Go and read the European treaties before you spread a false Merkel bashing narrative. Despite Karl Poppers vision there is the other great tradition of enlightenment.

  6. Commented

    René Costa

    Yes, eurobonds are certainly one of the measures to get back the euro on track. Indeed, it is ridiculous to have euro-governments issuing bonds in a single currency when their economy, their fiscal policy and their labor market are not integrated. The impossibility to devaluate has not been compensated with the large variations of interests on bonds. Therefore, the emission of eurobonds would be welcome only when all existing sovereign debts are paid back at their market value.
    Ren´¢e Costa

  7. Commented

    Mark Simmelkjaer

    Interesting article highlighting the rise of extremism caused by the current economic tumult of the EU that harkens back to the events leading up to WWII. Then rampent inflation and an ill-conceived treaty of versailles were involved. Now, an EU arrangement that, according to Soros, exposes EU countries to default on their sovereign debt because of their inability to "print" their way out of trouble. A problem once associated only with developing countries that issued debt in foreign currencies.

    -Mark Simmelkjaer

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