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The Ethics of Life

金钱的隐性成本

English Spanish Russian French German Czech Chinese Arabic

2008-08-14

普林斯顿 - 当人们说“金钱是一切罪恶的根源”的时候,他们通常不是指金钱本身是罪恶的根源。人们是热爱金钱的,即使最早说这句话的Saint Paul也不例外。不管我们对金钱是否贪婪,金钱本身是否可能是个问题呢?

卡尔·马克思是这么认为的。马克思在他年轻时代所写的《1844年经济学哲学手稿》这一到二十世纪中叶才得以出版并被世人知晓的书中,把金钱描述为“放之四海而皆准的分离制造者”,因为金钱把人的特性改变为它物。马克思写道,一个人或许长得很丑,但如果他有钱,那就可以买到“最美的女子”。也就是说,如果没有钱,要做到这点,他就需要一些更正面的个人的素质。马克思认为,金钱使我们脱离人类真实的本性,使我们疏远他人。

马克思曾预言,劳动人民的革命可以带来一个新时代,在这样的时代中每个人的生活将变得更美好。而当大家认识到这一预言显而易见的错误之后,他的威望便跌落了。因此,如果他只是在说金钱的分离作用,我们或许可以把这一说法当作其错误理论的一个部分将之随意抛弃。但是《科学》杂志在2006年刊登的Kathleen Vohs、Nicole Mead和Miranda Goode三人的研究报告认为,至少在这一点上,马克思说的不无道理。

在一系列的实验中,Vohs 和她的同事们想出了几个方法让参加实验的人们思考有关金钱的问题,但却不明白告诉他们要思考金钱。他们给部分参加实验的人们布置任务,其中包括梳理有关金钱的一些词语;对其他人,他们在附近放了一大堆给他们专用的钱;让另一组看一个显示着各种面值的纸币的电脑保护屏。而剩余的被随意挑选来的人,则让他们梳理和金钱无关的一些词语,也看不到一大堆钱,而且看到的电脑保护屏也不一样。在下列的每一个情况下,那些被引导思考金钱问题的人-我们姑且称之为金钱组-和非金钱组的人行为表现就不一样。

·    当给大家布置一项困难的任务并告诉他们如有困难可以请求他人帮助时,金钱组的人要等更久才请求他人的帮助。

·    当被他人求助时,金钱组的人所愿花的时间较少。

·    当被要求挪动椅子以便同他人交流时,金钱组的人和他人的椅子间所留的间隔更大。

·    当被要求选择一项休闲活动时,金钱组的人更可能选择一项单独自得其乐的活动,而不是有他人参与的活动。

·    最后,当金钱组的人被要求捐献部分因他们参与实验所获得的酬金的时候,相对于没有被引导思考金钱问题的人,他们捐得更少。

对金钱的微不足道的提醒也能造成大得令人吃惊的结果。比如,对照组的成员表示愿意帮助他人所花的时间平均为42分钟,而那些被引导思考金钱的组员只表示愿意花25分钟。同样,当有人装扮成参加实验的人请求他们帮助的时候 ,金钱组的成员实际才花了一半的时间。当被要求捐出一些收入的时候,金钱组的成员的捐款数额仅仅比对照组捐出的一半多了一点点。

为什么金钱使我们比较不愿意寻求或给予帮助甚至不愿靠近他人而坐呢?Vohs 和她的同事们的解释是,当社会开始使用金钱时,人们依赖家人或朋友的必要性就减低了,而他们也更有能力自给自足。研究者们得出的结论是,“以这种方式,金钱提升了个人主义,但削弱了共同的动机。这种影响在当今人们的对事物的反应中仍然表现明显。”

但这还不足以解释为什么让我们想到金钱就能如此大地改变我们的行为,我们每天不都在使用金钱嘛?看来这里还有些我们仍未充分理解的事情。

我并不是呼吁要回到更简单的物物交换或自给自足的年代。金钱让我们能够交换 – 而我们也因此从他人的特殊技能和优势中得益。没有金钱,我们会比现在贫穷不知多少,而且这种贫穷并不仅仅是财务方面的。

仅仅是有关金钱的想法便足以产生隔离能力。我们在意识到了这一点后,再也不能把金钱所扮演的角色看作是完全中立的。举例来说,如果某地的家长团体想要为孩子们建造一个操场,是应该号召其会员自愿劳动来建造呢,还是应该发起一场募捐活动以便能雇佣一个外来的承包商呢?

哈佛大学的教授Roland Fryer建议给学业优良的但贫困的学生发钱,这又是一个对金钱的使用进行讨论的领域。如果金钱本身是中立的,这个问题便只是一个使用这笔钱所带来的好处是否大于财务上的开支的问题。通常,前者的确大于后者,比如在家长们缺少技能来建造一个合格操场的情况下。但是,如果我们认为让金钱统治我们生活的所有方面又不会带来财务上无法统计的其它成本时,那我们就错了。

彼得·辛格是普林斯顿大学的生物伦理学教授。他是《动物解放》、《实用伦理学》等书的作者。他目前正在写作一部探讨博爱善心和世界贫困的书。

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harvross 02:18 10 Sep 08

Dear Professor

Your article is sound. You raise many interesting and indeed truthful points. What interests me even more, though, is that you quote Saint Paul. Given your reluctance to believe in God (because you claim the question of suffering cannot be answered), it is unusual and perhaps even inconsistent that you would quote from the Scriptures (if you did in fact believe them not to be true). Indeed, Jesus himself said that we would serve either God or money. The two are mutually exclusive. It is neither a sin to be rich nor poor, but righteousness in either is what God calls us to. However, it is clear - as indicated by the story of the rich young ruler who would not part with his wealth to follow Jesus - that it is easier for a camel to go through the eye of a needle than for a rich man to enter the kingdom of heaven.

Strikingly enough, the question of human suffering is answered more cogently by the world's worship of money (the love of money; greed) than it is by the assertion that God cannot be real (because if He was real He wouldn't allow suffering). In fact, it is because man has chosen to worship money rather than God (as one of many sins) that suffering occurs. Moreover, at the root of human depravity lies sin, and nothing but God can overcome that through the death and resurrection of Jesus Christ, His Son. Money is an admittedly important part of this equation, and love of it is indeed the root of all evil because of all the latent effects of worshipping money over God.

Kind regards

Ross


RalphWiggum 01:07 03 Feb 09

Ross,

Your assertion that we suffer due to our inherent greed and lust for money still fails to address Peter's questions*: if we are suffering for our sins (greed as you have suggested) how can the suffering of infants and animals be explained? Neither animals nor infants choose to worship the almighty dollar, yet both suffer immensely.

Furthermore, I don't find Peter's biblical references unusual at all. The writings of William Shakespeare are quoted and paraphrased daily and these works are not taken to be factual.

Sincere apologies to Peter for straying from the original topic, however Ross's reply binds the two topics and warrants reply.

*http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/singer36

-RW



AUTHOR INFO

Peter Singer is a Professor of Bioethics at Princeton University and Laureate Professor at the University of Melbourne. His books include Animal Liberation, Practical Ethics, and The Life You Can Save.