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个人与城市

发自北京——我们这个时代最大的事件是什么?虽然每个年代的侧重点各有不同,但如果用世纪为单位来衡量的话,那么人类的城市化肯定是一个有力的候选项。现在全世界已经有超过一半的人口居住在城市,而1800年时只有不到3%。预计到2025年,仅中国一国就将拥有15座人口超过2500万的“超级城市”。那么那些社会批评家们的忧虑又是有道理的吗?在大城市中生活的人们是否将遭遇那种相互疏离的原子化孤独?

诚然,城市无法提供乡村或者小城镇中特有的那种浓郁的社区感,但它却孕育着另一种不同的社区形式。人们经常为自己所在的城市感到自豪,并想方设法培育自身特有的市民文化。

城市自豪感这种东西拥有悠久的历史。在古代,雅典人用自己城市的民主气质来定义自己,而斯巴达人则以本城的军事纪律和强大实力为荣。当然,如今的城市区域已经变得巨大,分散以及多元化,因此如果说一座城市拥有一种足以影响其居民集体生活的精神气质,那未免会令人生疑了。

但举例说来,北京和耶路撒冷之间的区别说明其实这种气质是存在的。虽然两座城市都是围绕着一个核心而用许多同心圆构建起来,但耶路撒冷的核心体现了精神价值,而北京则意味着权力。同时城市气质的塑造作用比领袖人物更为强大。北京吸引了中国最顶尖的政治评论家,他们不喜欢讨论那些单调的宗教议题,而耶路撒冷的社会评论家则致力于解读那些将人们团结在一起的宗教。在两个城中虽然都有人对主流意识形态的某些特定原则表示不满,但很少人会批评城市气质本身。

再看看蒙特利尔,一个居民们必须在微妙的语言政治中摸索的城市。对于讲英语和讲法语的人来说,该市堪称一个可以提供归属感的相对成功的范本,但针对语言的讨论依然充斥着政治舞台,并塑造了该市居民的某种气质。

香港则是一个特例,那种资本主义生活方式是如此强大,以至于要专门列入宪法(基本法)条文。但香港式的资本主义并不仅仅构建与对物欲的追求之上,还来自于一种将对他人的关心凌驾于自利之上的儒家道德伦理,也恰好解释了这个城市为何拥有全亚洲最高的公益援款比率。

而另一方面,巴黎则拥有一种浪漫的气质。但巴黎人拒绝那种大团圆结局的好莱坞式陈旧爱情观念。他们对浪漫的理解集中在其对那种落后价值观以及平庸中产阶级生活的反叛之上。

事实上,许多城市都拥有某些足以令本市市民自豪的特质。那种城市的自豪感——也就是我们所谓的“市民主义”——是我们自身定义的一个关键特质。而这之所以那么重要,某种程度上是因为一座拥有自身气质的城市更加能够抵御全球化浪潮中的同质化倾向。在国家宣示它们长期并且简单复制的理念时或许会令人忧虑,但对一座城市独特性的强调则可能是一种生命的迹象。

中国的城市试图通过那些复原其独特“精神”的运动来反抗单一化。比如说哈尔滨就以其一直以来对外国侨民的容忍和接纳为荣。而世界另一端的特拉维夫,政府网站上的诸多条目中则出现了庆祝该市逐渐成为全球同性恋社区核心城市的内容。

城市自豪感还能防止极端民族主义的出现。大多数人需要一个社会定义,但将这一定义依附在一座城市之上显然要比依附在一个全副武装并打算与敌人发生冲突的国家身上更好。在面对国家责任这样的问题时,那些拥有强烈市民主义感的人不会仅凭自己的爱国主义情绪就贸然做出决定。

那些拥有强烈气质的城市同时还可以达成一些在国家层面上难以达成的政治目标。中国,美国甚至是加拿大可能需要花费许多年才能推行一个旨在应对气候变化的严谨方案。但像杭州,波特兰和温哥华这样的城市都以其“绿色”气质为荣,并在环境保护方面远远超越了自己国家所能做到的一切。

人们指责城市化,认为是它引发了诸如犯罪,不文明行为,冷漠和社会失范等现代社会病。但通过将其独特精神和定义灌输到我们的思维中,我们的城市其实可以赋予人类更多的力量去应对21世纪的挑战。

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  1. Commented

    Zsolt Hermann

    What the authors write about cities is true, humanity has been converging into larger settlmenets for multiple reasons for a long time.

    But we must not forget we are in an evolutionary process, sometimes we tend to think that with humans as they are today the evolution has stopped.

    On the contrary, the evolution of human beings has become much faster in recent decades, and today we are entering a completely new state with this closed, global, interconnected network around us.

    Today whether someone lives in cities or not still has some meaning to the person's financial state, work and physical/technical aspects of life, but our social, family and personal relationships increasingly move over to the virtual domain.

    Even before this geographic location started losing its meaning, I live in New Zealand but when I am in Patrice's French bakery eating croissants nobody can convince me I am not in France for that 10 minutes, and it is the same with Yunnis's Kebab shop, or the weekend dinner when my wife cooks some Hungarian meal...We can easily dosconnect from the rigid framework surrounding us.

    We will get more and more detached from time and space as we continue connecting to each other virtually across the globe, today people can easily live family even sex life, make operations, build empires, incite revolutions virtually over the Internet. Even our wars have become remote controlled...

    Where we live becomes less and less significant very soon, we will see the modern human is not bound by physical constraints, the only thing we have to work out with what attitude and content we fill the multi dimensional connections we have with each other.

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