Economics and Justice
Famine and Hope in the Horn of Africa
Jeffrey D. Sachs
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NAIROBI – Yet again, famine stalks the Horn of Africa. More than ten million people are fighting for survival, mainly pastoralist communities in the hyper-arid regions of Somalia, Ethiopia, and northern Kenya. Every day brings news of more deaths and massive inflows of starving people into refugee camps in Kenya, across the border from Somalia.
The immediate cause of this disaster is clear: the rains have failed for two years running in the dry regions of East Africa. These are places where water is so scarce year after year that crop production is marginal at best. Millions of households, with tens of millions of nomadic or semi-nomadic people, tend camels, sheep, goats, and other livestock, which they move large distances to reach rain-fed pasturelands. When the rains fail, the grasses shrivel, the livestock die, and communities face starvation.
Pastoralism has long been a harrowing existence in the Horn of Africa. The location of life-supporting pasturelands is determined by the unstable and largely unpredictable rains, rather than by political boundaries. Yet we live in an era when political boundaries, not the lives of nomadic pastoralists, are sacrosanct. These boundaries, together with growing populations of sedentary farmers, have hemmed in pastoralist communities.
The political boundaries exist as a legacy of the colonial era, not as the result of cultural realities and economic needs. Somalia, for example, contains only a part of the Somali-speaking pastoralist population, with large numbers living across the border in Kenya and Ethiopia. As a result, the Ethiopian-Somalia border has been war-torn for decades.
A massive drought this year was not exactly predictable, but the risk of famine was easily foreseeable. Indeed, two years ago, in a meeting with US President Barack Obama, I described the vulnerability of the African drylands. When the rains fail there, wars begin. I showed Obama a map from my book Common Wealth, which depicts the overlap of dryland climates and conflict zones. I noted to him that the region urgently requires a development strategy, not a military approach.
Obama responded that the US Congress would not support a major development effort for the drylands. “Find me another 100 votes in Congress,” he said.
I don’t know whether Obama’s leadership might have found those votes, but I do know that the US has not mustered the national effort to respond effectively to the Horn of Africa’s needs. The US is far too focused on expensive and failed military approaches in the drylands – whether in Afghanistan, Pakistan, Yemen, or Somalia – to pay heed to long-term economic development strategies aimed at addressing the root causes of these countries’ ongoing crises.
This year’s drought came at a time of political and economic turmoil in both the US and Europe. America’s distorted political system gives the rich everything they want in the form of tax cuts, while slashing programs for the poor. There is no interest in Washington, DC, in addressing the needs of America’s poor, much less the needs of the world’s poor.
In Europe, the global financial crisis of 2008 left a legacy of deep political and economic crisis in the weaker economies of Southern Europe. This crisis absorbed almost all of the European Union’s political attention this summer, even as famine in Africa has worsened.
The unfolding disaster in the Horn of Africa will not solve itself, and four factors make the situation potentially explosive. First, long-term human-induced climate change seems to be bringing more droughts and climate instability. The US and Europe are not only failing to respond to the African drought; they have probably contributed to it through their greenhouse-gas emissions.
Second, fertility rates and population growth in the Horn of Africa continue to be extremely high, even as children perish in the famine. Unless and until widespread family planning and modern contraceptive services are established, expanding populations in the Horn of Africa will crash against a harsher future climate. Third, the region is already living in extreme poverty, so adverse shocks push it toward calamity. And, finally, regional politics is highly unstable, leaving the Horn extremely vulnerable to conflict.
But there is still realistic hope. The Millennium Villages Project, which I have the honor of helping to lead, has demonstrated that pastoralist communities can be empowered through targeted investments in livestock management, veterinary care, business development, mobile health clinics, boarding schools, and local infrastructure such as safe water points, off-grid electricity, and mobile telephony. Cutting-edge technologies, together with strong community leadership, can unlock long-term sustainable development.
The countries of the Horn of Africa are now stepping forward to help themselves through this approach. Six countries in the region with large dryland zones – Ethiopia, Somalia, Kenya, Uganda, Djibouti, and South Sudan – have joined together in a Drylands Initiative to use best practices and cutting-edge technologies to support their pastoralist communities’ effort to escape the scourges of extreme poverty and famine. Many companies, such as Ericsson, Airtel, Novartis, and Sumitomo Chemical, are participating in this effort by making their technologies available to impoverished pastoralist communities.
A new regional partnership is starting to take hold, beginning with the affected communities and their national governments. Several countries in the Arabian Peninsula, just across the Red Sea from the Horn, are also showing an encouraging readiness to deploy their oil earnings for emergency relief and long-term development. The Islamic Development Bank, representing the 57 members of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation, is also showing leadership. Through this new partnership of communities, governments, businesses, and academia, the current crisis could yet mark the start of regional recovery and development.
Jeffrey D. Sachs is Professor of Economics and Director of the Earth Institute at Columbia University. He is also Special Adviser to United Nations Secretary-General on the Millennium Development Goals.
Copyright: Project Syndicate, 2011.
www.project-syndicate.org
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CharlieP 09:57 19 Aug 11
Jeffrey Sachs describes the plight of the Horn of Africa eloquently, but be describes the fundamental problem the wrong way round. Rather than claim that: 'Repeated drought in recent decades has been making the largely pastoral life in the drylands of East Africa unsustainable' it is likely that the pastoral life in the drylands has made the climate unstainable. By allowing animals to overgraze the fragile vegetation and humans to convert what is left to charcoal, the inhabitants of the region have unwittingly reduced rainfall. The primary source of rain is evapo-transpiration from plants, and in the process of transpiring, the plants cool and humidify their location, creating more favourable conditions for rainfall. Remove the vegetation and hey presto, you have created a desert.
The Horn of Africa, as with many other arid regions, needs to be re-hydrated with vegetation that is also allowed to grow at a faster rate than it is consumed. Until this can be achieved, the problem can only deteriorate. By saving lives now and allowing the population to grow, yet without addressing the root cause of the problem, we are simply exacerbating the situation for future generations.
KColson 08:35 25 Aug 11
As Jeffrey Sachs correctly points out, the “big idea” for transforming the drylands of sub-Saharan Africa is community-led economic empowerment. But “targeted investments in livestock management” may not be the best approach. As the world’s climate shifts, bringing severe and recurring drought to the arid and semi-arid lands (ASAL's) of Africa, the region’s traditional livestock industry may be increasingly difficult to sustain. With that in mind, governments and NGOs should support programs that help ASAL residents to establish new and diverse ways to make a living.
Since December 2008, The BOMA Project (www.bomaproject.org) has established 520 small enterprises across the pastoral lands of northern Kenya through a program that offers business skills training, a micro-grant, the establishment of savings groups, and two years of sustained mentoring to groups of three people. More than 90 percent of participants are women; the businesses include small village kiosks that sell food and basic supplies, butcheries and bakeries, and purveyors in fuel oil, beads, skins and hides, and construction supplies. Rather than the necessary but short-term solution of emergency famine relief, BOMA focuses on the long-term solution: helping families earn a diversified income so they can pay for food, school fees and medical care as the region slowly shifts away from livestock herding to a modern, cash-based economy.
dionramasami 05:13 03 Aug 11
The impact of the accumulation of greenhouse gases and climate change is having a devastating impact on the world's poor. I think Western nations need to acknowledge that they to a large extent have contributed to the famine in East Africa. The West needs to start focusing on creating conditions for long term economic sustainablity in Africa's drylands before it is too late. We live in an interconnected and interdependent world and no one lives in a bubble. What happens in Africa will have a detrimental impact on the rest of the world. For example the second largest rainforest is found in the Congo. If these rainforests are torn down because people need food and shelter, it will have an impact on global warming everywhere. Unnessary wars needs to be stoped and our attention has to be focused on helping the world's poor.