The Asian Century
是将圣雄甘地请回来的时候了
Mira Kamdar
纽约——国大党在印度大选中出人意料地获得压倒性胜利,舆论普遍的持欢迎态度。很多人相信,国大党秉承了务实的价值观,采取有利于经济发展和帮助穷人的政策,如果这样走下去,印度就会变成一个伟大的国家。印度的商界金融界人士尤其感到欣慰,他们认为随着经济自由化的不断深入,国大党为他们打开了发财之门。
美国人也有高兴的理由,麻烦不断的印度左派已经被完全清除出了现任政府,议会中的席位也缩减到了可怜的24席。去年,印度共产党试图杯葛国大党提议的美印核协议,结果没能得逞,现在他们又誓言要报复。
由于印度人民普遍希望地区和平和宗教和解,这样一来,代表印度教的人民党的失败也不足为奇了。对国大党来说,来自右派势力的威胁也已解除。人民党把国大党描述成在对待恐怖分子问题上立场上软弱,将穆斯林妖魔化,看来,他们的目的最终也没有达到达成。
不幸地是,国大党领导的经济改革轨道也许会在短期内振兴经济,但最终的后果会导致社会的不稳定和贫富的不均。虽然他们宣传的口号是“共同富裕”,但印度的贫富差距不断拉大是不争的事实。特别是在近几年经济高速发展的阶段。
目前,印度拥有世界上最多的营养不良的孩子。在20万印度财富新贵享受着私人理财服务同时,8亿印度人却过着每天不到2美元的生活。尽管由于全球气候的变暖,导致喜马拉雅冰川的快速融化,但如今印度的可利用水资源也濒临枯竭。更为严重的是,到2080年,随着全球气候的变化,印度农业的产量将减少40%。而到那时,还将有4亿5千万新增人口的出现。
根据麦肯锡咨询公司的预测,印度的中产阶级人数将达到6亿,是当今美国人口的两倍。这对零售商来说应该是一个好消息。但印度另外10亿人该怎么办呢?为了满足新增用户的购买需求,到哪里去找那么多的资源呢?
1947年7月22日对印度的发展来说是重要的一天,当时的国民代表大会决定把阿育王时代的达摩法轮放在国旗上,以取代圣雄甘地的转轮,即轻纺车,这是一个重要的信号,它标志着政府放弃了圣雄甘地一直倡导的理念:公平,持续性的农耕社会,自给自足,节制欲望的消费模式。
对甘地来说,转轮象征着个体对消费的负责任行为,这也是实现全民公平自由的前提条件。而印度第一任总理贾瓦哈拉尔·尼赫鲁则不以为然,他秉承着工业化和城市化的理念,他有一句著名的话,就是将政府正在进行的巨大工程称为“印度现代化的神殿”。
在他一次名为“和命运有约”著名的演讲中,尼赫鲁承诺他领导的政府将寻求“给普通人带来自由和机会,为印度的工农大众消除贫困,愚昧和疾病的困扰。。给每一位公民都带来正义和完美的生活。”时间已经过去了63年,绝大多数的印度人还在等待这个美好承诺的实现。
当国大党重新掌握政权之后,圣雄甘地的曾孙,39岁的拉乌尔·甘地将是现任总理曼莫汉·辛格的接班人选。观察人士认为,这位年轻的甘地将在2年内接任总理之职。
很多国大党的支持者认为,目前印度面临根本的问题在于,如何从国有经济向市场经济的转型,如何改革目前臃肿的官僚机构,消除腐败的顽疾和其他影响效率的行为,印度面临的真正挑战在于,如何坚定地实现对21世纪现代化目标的追求。
印度前财政部长帕拉尼亚潘•齐丹巴拉姆曾说,他的梦想是85%的印度人居住在城市里,剩余的15%人口从事农业。在现代社会观点看来,农村是贫穷和落后的象征。目前印度有60%的人口居住在农村。如此看来,“发展”就意味着“工业化和城市化”。不论怎么说,我们现在都不生活在一个现代社会中。我们所生活的后现代的社会现实就是对现代化一种无情的嘲弄。
当被问及如何看待西方文明时,甘地答复如下:“这当然是一件好事。”他同是补充说:“地球只能给每个人提供了必要的需求,并不能满足他们的贪婪。”在甘地看来,贪婪导致暴力,暴力导致黩武,黩武导致战争,战争就意味着毁灭。为了解决人类的侵略性,他的非暴力主义的哲学就是:约束自身的欲望。
印度目前的挑战是,如何重新继承甘地的衣钵,和目前的西方走一条完全不同的发展道路。当然没有人让印度放弃城市的生活,毕竟,甘地生活的时代已经一去不复返。但这并不表明我们不能继承甘地思想的核心价值。
拉乌尔•甘地不仅仅是一个代号,他应该是圣雄甘地的延续。如果印度有幸,在他曾祖父圣雄甘地的精神鼓舞下,他将获得国大党的领导权。不管怎么说,有关印度独立运动的概念过于复杂,尼赫鲁的理想已经得到很好的实施,现在是将甘地的理念请回来的时候了。
Copyright: Project Syndicate, 2009.
www.project-syndicate.org
ganeshpol 01:30 18 Aug 09
Yes soil of India has hungered for one more M.K.Gandhi.......................
AUTHOR INFO



Kalindhi 11:58 13 Jun 09
The day some of the wise and moderate members of the Babri Masjid Action council okay the construction of the Ram Temple for the sake of harmony or a mass movement that includes all the religious and secular people come out with a suggestion to build a government hospital as a permanent solution, the BJP will become extinct. Since India is moving forward with progressive mind and the young generations are becoming more democrat and secular, such ideas cannot be called an utopian in the 21st century. So, if the BJP wants to stand as an alternative to the Congress, it cannot alienate any communities and their basic problems in principle. Our constitution guarantees us fundamental rights. At the same time, it prescribes our fundamental duties also. Uphold the constitution is one of our fundamental duties. Communalism, be it from majority or minority, is against of our founding principle.
For communists, to learn lessons from the mistakes is the good lesson. For that there is another lesson: to find what the mistakes are. The policy makers who are sitting in the ivory tower can have only a bird’s view. Even though the left had forced the earlier UPA government to adopt some people friendly programmes, they totally failed to implement the programmes in the West Bengal . The congress and the UPA allies took advantage from that in both Andhra and Bengal at the expense of the Left. The Left leaders have to ponder and be close to the common people. If some comrades still live in the hearts of people, it is because they had practiced principled life. They were known as people’s leaders. If the communists want to reinstate that quality, they cannot leave the common people in pathetic conditions. A leader cannot dictate now that all proletariats unite. It is the strong strategy yielding to the people’s minds that unite every one. No one expect soft communalism from the communists. Imperialism and communalism should be resisted with equal vehemence. The UPAs mandate is not an approval for the neo-liberalism.
The victory testifies to its stands on clear secularism and developmental aspirations to certain extent.. The empty slogans against imperialism and nuclear deal failed to dissuade the common man. Rahul factor played as a stimulant to prevent the young voters from apolitical trends. Modi behind L.K. Advani was a wrong equation and disrespect to judiciary. Varun Gandhis speech made a dent on its Muslim supporters. The mandate also backs the UPA to minimize post-election opportunism and horse trading for making a stable government. we hope the new government will be able to bring in prosperity for the poor in the next five years. Without uplifting the poor and downtrodden, the corporate India cannot shine.