The Statesmen's Debate
Answering Iran
Richard N. Haass
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NEW YORK – We know quite a bit about Iran’s nuclear program, and what we know is not encouraging. Iran is reported to be enriching uranium at two sites – some of it to levels of 20%, far beyond what is required for civilian purposes. The International Atomic Energy Agency also reports that Iran is carrying out research to develop designs for nuclear warheads. In short, Iranian officials’ claims that their nuclear program is aimed solely at power generation or medical research lacks all plausibility.
Yet there is still much that the world does not know. For example, we do not know whether Iran is conducting secret activities at undisclosed sites, or when Iran could develop a crude nuclear weapon, with estimates ranging from several months to several years. We also do not know whether Iran’s divided leadership has decided to develop nuclear weapons, or to stop just short, calculating that the country could derive many of the benefits of possessing nuclear weapons without running the risks or incurring the costs of actually doing so.
Either way, Iran’s activities confront the world with difficult choices. None is costless or risk-free. Moreover, neither the costs nor the risks are possible to calculate with precision.
One option would be to accept and live with a nuclear or near-nuclear Iran. This assumes that Iran could be deterred from using its weapons, much as the Soviet Union was during the Cold War. Missile defenses could be expanded; the United States could extend security guarantees so that Iran would understand that the threat or use of nuclear weapons would be met with a decisive American response.
But there are significant drawbacks to acquiescing to a nuclear-armed Iran. Given its use of subversion and terrorism against its adversaries, a nuclear-armed Iran might be even more assertive. It might also transfer nuclear-related material, technology, or weapons to allies (Hugo Chávez’s Venezuela, for example) or radical organizations such as Hezbollah and Hamas. And, rather than promoting caution and stability in the region, Iran or Israel could be tempted to strike first in a crisis.
Nor can it be assumed that Iran’s divided and radical leadership would always act rationally, or that proliferation would stop with the Islamic Republic. If Iran develops its nuclear weapons, countries such as Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Egypt would be tempted to purchase or develop nuclear weapons of their own. A Middle East with multiple fingers on multiple triggers is as good a definition of a nightmare as there is.
At the opposite end of the spectrum of policy choices is a preventive attack: a military strike (most likely by Israel, the US, or both) against sites in Iran associated with its nuclear program. The core objective would be to interrupt the emergence of a threat that is still gathering.
Here, again, there are considerable drawbacks. Even a successful preventive attack would at most set back Iran’s nuclear program a few years. It would almost certainly be rebuilt, presumably in underground, fortified sites that would make future attacks far more difficult to carry out.
Moreover, Iran could well retaliate immediately against targets that could include Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Afghanistan, and other US interests worldwide – as well as sites on American territory. Hezbollah could attack Israel. If all of this happened, the price of oil would skyrocket owing to shortages and fears, possibly driving much of the world economy, already in a precarious position, into recession. An armed attack could also cause the Iranian public to rally around the government, reducing the chances that a more responsible leadership might emerge.
It thus comes as little surprise that the US and much of the world have explored alternatives, including regime change in Iran. But, however desirable that might be, no policy can assuredly bring it about. As a result, the principal policy toward Iran centers on the imposition of increasingly painful economic sanctions. The rationale underlying this policy is that Iran’s leaders, fearful of losing political control as popular discontent increases over the sanctions’ effects, will recalculate the costs and benefits of their nuclear activities and become receptive to negotiated constraints in exchange for removal of sanctions.
That could happen. International support for sanctions is considerable and increasing. It is becoming more difficult for Iran (whose economy depends to a large extent on oil exports of more than two million barrels a day) to find customers – and especially customers willing to pay full price. Meanwhile, Iran’s currency is weakening, pricing imported goods out of many Iranians’ reach.
Additional elements of current policy that seem to be having an effect are clandestine efforts aimed at impeding Iran’s ability to import sensitive technologies. Viruses have infiltrated computers in Iran, reducing the efficiency of the centrifuges central to enriching uranium. It is also possible that the assassination of selected individuals has slowed the advance of Iranian nuclear efforts.
But slowing Iran’s efforts is not the same as stopping them. So one question is whether existing sanctions can be extended and tightened; here, China and Russia must determine their priorities. Another question is whether any sanctions will be enough to persuade Iran’s leaders to accept verifiable limits on their nuclear program. And a third unsettled issue is how long Israel or the US will tolerate Iranian efforts before striking militarily.
Indeed, the only certainty may be that Iran’s nuclear program will be a major international issue in 2012 – quite possibly the most important one.
Richard N. Haass, formerly Director of Policy Planning in the US State Department, is President of The Council on Foreign Relations.
Copyright: Project Syndicate, 2012.
www.project-syndicate.org
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dsync 11:31 26 Jan 12
The real problem is the fact that none of you so called policy makers or experts seem to do any basic research into the underlying topic you are discussing whatsoever.
"some of it to levels of 20%, far beyond what is required for civilian purposes."
This is completely incorrect. Where do you even get this information. Research reactors tend to operate at 20% Enrichment levels for U-235, although some of the older ones utilize 93% enrichment. And they aren't just used for energy research either.
The majority of medical isotopes, and radioactive material utilized in all sorts of non energy related research (non weapons research) can be created as well. Most documentation supports the fact that enrichment sub 20% poses near 0 risk for any sort of weapons proliferation. This is from our own experts, something I would expect a policy person to know.
Suggested Reading:
http://www.princeton.edu/sgs/publications/sgs/pdf/14_1_1-24_Glaser.pdf
http://world-nuclear.org/info/inf61.html
The other amusing thing your analysis overlooks is we built the reactor they are using now which requires 20% enriched Uranium to operate. 20% enrichment is the minimum capacity they would need to not be dependent on outside sources for fuel.
On Top of this all you policy folks seem to ignore the fact that Iran spends $7 billion on its military. One of the lowest numbers of any country in the region. Effectively 1.8% of GDP. Saudi Arabia spends 14%, israel near 10%, though I suspect you can search wikipedia and find this information out yourself.
Its uninformed and quite frankly ignorant self serving posts like yours with no basis in fact or technical analysis whatsoever that concern me. Are you being paid to beat the drums of war, is this what project syndicate is all about...
-Dimitri
AGK 12:23 27 Jan 12
What is the point of punishing the iranian population for the mistakes of your previous administration? Every time I see the sacred mantra: "all options are on the table" an image of monkey banging the table with his penis appear in my mind. The iranians were ready to negotiate, where was that particular "option" then? Don't leave few sick from fear pseudo-leaders push you to dead end. You have no right to use any coercion after so many mistakes and narcissism.
hanswall 01:19 28 Jan 12
I comment the author for his thoughtful opinion on a difficult policy issue. It is beyond my understanding why virtually all the Western media seems to assume Iran would limit the scope of retaliation for an attack or crippling sanctions (that are already an act of war according to international law) when Iran can hurt Israel and/or the US immediately with an attack on regional oil terminals, oil fields refineries etc. taking out easily 30% of world oil production for years and crippling the world economy. All the Strait of Hormuz war game planning or even the threat of a nuclear attack is simply empty talk and both Israel and the US know it.
criticaleye 05:21 29 Jan 12
Haas presents the ame old drumbeat of war the neo-cons used for Iraq. In the end it will cost a trillion or so for nothing. But along the way we will hear about how our leaders tried everything, sanctions, etc.
Galan 12:58 30 Jan 12
War drums. I do not like it.
jriss 11:03 26 Jan 12
As to the opening paragraph, I don't know if "Iranian officials' claims" really "lacks" plausibility, but obviously Mr. Haass either lack basic English skills or is quite careless. In either case, I stopped reading the article.