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叙利亚警钟为谁而鸣?

发自巴黎——随着时间一周周过去,叙利亚冲突越来越变得像西班牙内战。战机轰炸平民摧毁城市的景象已经把阿勒颇变成了现代版的格尔尼卡——那座在毕加索大作中的名垂千古的西班牙城市。但这两个冲突真正的相似之处在于国际社会主要成员的行为:它们再度分裂成了两大阵营。

一边是俄罗斯和伊朗为了一己私利坚决支持总统巴沙尔·阿萨德(Bashar al-Assad)的政权。另一边则是犹豫而矛盾地支持反对派的民主国家。在1930年西班牙内战中,纳粹德国和意大利法西斯全力支持弗朗西斯科·弗朗哥(Francisco Franco)将军的叛乱,而民主国家则很不情愿给了西班牙共和国一点勉强的帮助。

两者之间还有更深层次的相似之处。许多人称在当年苏联对欧洲威胁日益严重的时候支持西班牙共和国意味着帮助更加危险的无政府主义者和社会主义者。从这个意义上看,过去的赤化分子已经化身成为了今天的“原教旨主义穆斯林”。

的确,在当今许多人眼中帮助叙利亚反对派的风险太大了,甚至可能令中东地区的基督教少数派遭殃。他们认为尽管叙利亚政权令人厌恶,但如今却要在穆斯林世界实现民主的假想前景与危及基督徒生命的真实风险之间作出选择。于是很不幸地必须选择维持现状。

当然,西方世界的踌躇同时也反映了更深的战略和外交因素。的确,通过击落一架徘徊在叙利亚领空的土耳其战机,阿萨德政权想要给国际社会传达一个明确信息——“别来干涉叙利亚的内政。”

叙利亚不是利比亚,而且现在的政治环境也有了显著的变化——美国总统大选近在眼前,欧洲又面临着日益恶化的经济危机。且不论是对是错,俄罗斯和中国认为报复傲慢自大的西方世界的时机到了,因为它们认为自己在对利比亚进行“人道主义干涉”的真正意图上遭到了欺骗——。

这次它们手里握着更好的牌。在美国总统巴拉克·奥巴马(Barack Obama)将其大选的一部分胜算押在从伊拉克撤军的举措以及在阿富汗的类似计划上的时候,他不会冒险干涉叙利亚。与此同时,欧盟正为自身的生存而战,无法为一场不确定的战争分神。对西方世界来说,叙利亚反对派起义的时机再糟糕不过了。

然而尽管反对派之间分歧很深,西方世界隔岸观火的代价恐怕要比出手干涉的代价要大。国际社会再也不能以不知情为借口逃避事实。因为早在几十年前它就已经失落那副不谙世事的面孔了。面对平民被屠杀的事实,它再也不能假装什么也不知道了。

然而除道德之外,还要考虑到地缘政治。面对陷入动乱的阿拉伯世界,西方想要传达什么信息呢?而随着全球势力不断变动,而西方又要给支持着阿萨德的专制政权发出什么样的信息?

这些政权只会把西方的踌躇解读为对其自私议程的默许。这个问题在伊朗的情况中尤其突出。西方在叙利亚问题上表现得越缺乏果断,伊朗人就越确信他们可以无限期地挑逗国际社会的神经和耐性。

随着俄罗斯和伊朗不断地给叙利亚运送资金和武器(如果没有提供军事顾问的话),西方国家已经无法坚持那套虚伪的说辞——这些话只能被解释成为不作为开脱的借口。用“可怕的后果”来警告叙利亚政权不要使用化学武器其实只意味着一点:“随便轰炸你自己的平民,不过只可以用传统的武器。”

是时候给反对派提供他们急需的反坦克和地空导弹了。当然,选择这么做有一定的风险。我们了解我们将要帮助的人吗?毕竟这些武器或许有一天会被用来对付西方,就像在阿富汗发生过的一样。此外,如果我们在军事上介入到这场冲突,尽管可能只是给反抗者提供物资,可能就会给那些早就想袭击西方的恐怖组织宣传造势。

然而消极被动,优柔寡断和前后立场不一致所导致的风险更大。西方观望得越久,反对派就会变得更激进,这将削弱温和派的立场和影响力。

干预的逻辑是周期性循环的。在对卢旺达的种族大屠杀和随之而来的难民危机以及1990年的中非大湖区战争的反思之下,一个愧疚、经济繁荣和美国独特国际地位的结合体引发了对科索沃,阿富汗和伊拉克的干涉,而不幸的是,如今我们正处于一个完全不同的循环周期中,其中占主导地位的是伊拉克事件的阴影,全球经济危机和西方世界地位的(相对)衰落。

如今每当涉及干预时,对法律合法性的尊重已经超过了十年前通行的对政权合法性的考虑。我们从一个极端走到了另一个极端,而中间道路可能会是更明智的选择。

但最重要的是我们不要忘了西班牙内战的教训。面对独裁政权时,给对方留下带头妥协者的印象通常都是危险的。

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  1. Commented

    Ole C G Olesen

    The Syrian War is equally an internal War between Sunnis and Shias ... a religious schism where EUROPE should play the role as MEDIATOR ..and NOT take the position of ONE Side .. as such an approach would come to HAUNT ..the European Unions relationsship with its immidiate neighbours for Decenniums to come . Stabilisation - peacefull ,just and negotiated solutions of evt conflicts - should be the priority of The European Union in relation to all its neighbours ! THAT will promote a peacefull and friendly coexistance with our neighbours and secure PEACE in our part of the World !

  2. Commented

    Ole C G Olesen

    I would like to point out that in Mr Moisi's analogy of External Military Intervention in The Spanish Civil War ..and the War in Syria ... the German/ Italian support of Franco should be analogized with the OPEN SUPPORT and ARMING of a disperse group of Insurgents / Terrorists ( often even from Outside Syria ) by the USA / the UK / Israel / Turkey / Saudi Arabia /Quatar and may be other foreign Nations . This partly ADMITTED partly COVERT interference in another countrys affairs is in itself a blatant violation of all International Conventions in such situations ! It sets ANOTHER prescedent of OMINOUS Nature ., in which The EUROPEAN UNION should NOT participate ! It is equally suspicious that this destabilisation of Syria occurs at a time when potential big Oil/ Gas discoveriies have been made in the Mediterrainean ..bordering to the coast line of also Syria .. and the lack of mention of Syrias legitimate interests in such eventual riches.. is telling... by its abscence !

  3. Commented

    Thomas Graham

    Professer Moisi makes some educational and interesting historical comparisons vis a vis Syria. But his grasp of international realpolitik is weak, and his backing for neoliberal humanitarian western intervention in Syria (a civil war western govts. actually lit the touchpaper on and have armed and financed from the start) is ill-informed at best, and disingenuous at worst. He ignores completely very stark diplomatic, economic and geopolitical realities. The cheapest, least destabilising, most peaceful way to end the bloodshed in Syria (one that prevents a regional war and has the lowest global body count) is for Syria's Arab neighbours to intervene diplomatically and broker an armistice, peace deal and democratic improvements in the country. At a time when the Muslim world is in uproar, any further western intervention in the Middle East & North Africa would risk lighting a powerkeg that even the hand of God would find difficult to extinguish.

  4. Commented

    juninho sur

    Did you just see what happend to the US ambassador in Libya, Mr. Moisi? And now you demand that the US arm Syrian jihadists with anti-tank weapons and SAM's? Are you flipping crazy? They could bring down an airliner someday!

    Remember that yesterday's "Freedom Fighters" can easily become today's murderous terrorist...



  5. Commented

    Vivek S

    I don't think this article explains why the rise of fundamentalism isn't a far bigger threat to the world than an autocratic regime?

    Yes, moral obligation will demand intervention, but when the revolutionaries will opportunistically take help, but in future form their own dictatorship and furthermore hit back at the world, why bother?

    I think UN should intervene *only* when a rebel leader or a regime requests for help and the terms of the intervention must be clearly spelled out, signed in triplicate and distributed among the people so they know that the West is not out to wage a war against Islam.

    Furthermore, why don't other middle-east countries send their troops in for peacekeeping? Why does it always have to be Western forces? There isn't one example of a liberal middle-eastern country in centuries and not one example of taking responsibility for the region. Its time for the middle-eastern countries to lead for themselves.

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