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¿Federalismo o desintegración para Europa?

BRUSELAS – Agosto fue un mes más tranquilo de lo que se temía en los mercados de bonos europeos, por lo que las autoridades pudieron hacer una pausa de vacaciones en las montañas y playas europeas para contemplar los altibajos de los últimos meses y pensar en el futuro. ¿Se dirige la eurozona a paso de sonámbulo a convertirse en unos Estados Unidos de Europa? ¿Está explorando territorios sin cartografiar? ¿O se están separando las naciones-estados que la conforman?

Para dar respuesta a estas preguntas, el mejor punto de partida es Estados Unidos. El modelo de unión federal que surgió de su historia consta de una moneda única administrada por una institución federal, mercados estrechamente integrados de productos, trabajo y capitales, un presupuesto federal que compensa en parte (pero de manera automática) las perturbaciones económicas que afectan a estados específicos, un gobierno federal que asume la responsabilidad de enfrentar otros riesgos sistémicos (de los cuales los surgidos del sector bancario no son los menores) y estados que proporcionan bienes públicos a nivel regional pero no juegan prácticamente papel alguno en la estabilización macroeconómica.

Este modelo ha servido de plantilla a los arquitectos de la Unión Europea, en especial para la creación de un mercado y una moneda únicos. Sin embargo, en varios aspectos Europa se ha apartado del modelo estadounidense.

En primer lugar, no ha creado un presupuesto federal. En los años 70 seguía habiendo esperanzas de que el gasto en común acabara por equivaler al 5-10% del PIB de la UE, pero el sueño nunca se volvió realidad. El presupuesto actual de la UE no es mayor que hace 30 años: un magro 1% del PIB.

A diferencia de EE.UU., donde el gasto público federal aumentó como consecuencia de la creación de nuevos programas a lo largo del siglo veinte, ya era alto en el nivel nacional cuando Europa comenzó a integrarse. El surgimiento de programas de gasto federales solo podría haber ocurrido a expensas de los que ya existían a nivel nacional; no es de sorprender que haya habido fuertes resistencias a un proceso así.

En los últimos años la eurozona ha comenzado a crear un sistema de apoyo mutuo entre los estados miembros. Desde 2010, se ha extendido ayuda a Grecia, Irlanda, Portugal, y ahora Chipre. Es posible que España sea el siguiente, con especial énfasis en su sector bancario. Así, va surgiendo un patrón específico: los estados se ayudan entre sí.

Pero la solidaridad no viene gratis: está condicionada a que los beneficiarios firmen un tratado fiscal que los comprometa a la responsabilidad presupuestaria y los someta a sanciones casi automáticas. Más aún, exige que apliquen medidas negociadas y acepten una estrecha supervisión de cómo se van desarrollando sus políticas. En otras palabras, el precio de la solidaridad es la limitación de la soberanía.

No obstante, a diferencia de Estados Unidos, los gobiernos de los estados miembros de la UE (y, cada vez más, sus parlamentos) quieren ser parte de la toma de decisiones. Puesto que la ayuda no procede de recursos federales sino de fondos nacionales, es inevitable que los estados acreedores exijan más poder a cambio de prestar más ayuda a sus vecinos. Como resultado, la unificación monetaria no ha hecho que Europa se asemeje más a Estados Unidos, sino que ha acabado por alejarla de ese modelo.

En Estados Unidos, el gobierno federal funciona como un escudo general frente a los riesgos en común y presta un apoyo automático e incondicional a los estados que se encuentren en problemas; pero, al final, no sale al rescate de un estado insolvente ni se hace cargo de su gobierno. Por el contrario, en Europa casi no hay protección general ni mecanismos automáticos de apoyo a los estados en problemas: los estados en mejor situación sencillamente tienden una mano para evitar que caigan en la insolvencia... bajo ciertas condiciones. Así, mientras los estados de EE.UU. compiten con el centro por el poder, en Europa lo hacen cada vez más entre sí.

Esta rivalidad entre estados, que a veces llega a la acritud, dificulta los aspectos políticos de la integración europea. Todas las federaciones han pasado por periodos de tensión en las relaciones entre los gobiernos federal y estatales. Pero aceptar que un vecino mire por sobre el hombro y te diga qué hacer es un poco más complicado de soportar que una supervisión central.

De hecho, uno de los problemas actuales más importantes es la debilidad de las instituciones de la UE a cargo de impulsar los intereses comunes y que dan la cara a los europeos como un todo. No es posible que emerja una dirección europea en común a partir de los intereses nacionales de gobiernos y parlamentos que son responsables solo ante sus votantes nacionales.

La gran pregunta que nadie puede responder con claridad todavía es si Europa se encuentra en proceso de inventar su propio modelo, o simplemente ha hecho un rodeo para no enfrentar el momento inevitable de decidir por la desintegración o la convergencia hacia el modelo federal estándar. Una solución sería dar a los representantes nacionales un espacio para reunirse a debatir temas que afecten a toda Europa. Otra sería transferir el papel de prestación de apoyo a una institución federal que responda ante el Parlamento Europeo.

Sea cual sea el camino por el que opte, en los próximos años Europa deberá enfrentar el problema de la débil representación de los intereses en común, o bien admitir que no hay intereses en común que justifiquen seguir por el camino de la integración.

Traducido del inglés por David Meléndez Tormen

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  1. Commented

    André Rebentisch

    Your premise is that the United States are a model for European Unification. That premise is flawed. The difficulties of US federalism to win support for universal health care demonstrate the limits of their paradigm for regional governance. US federalism never reached the balance and public support needed and looks increasingly unstable and blocked by constitutional legacy and partisan non-cooperation. It is sufficient for the EU to focus on fierce market organization and principles, no need for excessive spending on the EU level.

  2. Commented

    Paul A. Myers

    The "weak representation of the common interest" seems to be the phrase that sums up the European challenge. Growth seems to be hugely in the common interest, but parochial interests at the national level seem to hobble growth at every turn. The attitude seems to be that someone else should take responsibility for growth such as an alphabetized Euro agency.

    Let's see where the common banking regulatory policy goes in the coming weeks. That is one big fat canary in the coal mine!

    What will a federal Europe look like? That's when the minister of culture will be the most powerful minister in Paris! Everything else will have decamped to Brussels.

  3. Commented
    100%

    Pieter Keesen

    I find it amusing how an institute named after a Flemish painter advocates an American Federal Model as the end game of European integration. It lacks understanding of European history to believe for the forces of globalization to transform the old continent after a split image of the USA. Besides, the introduction of federal legislation was always piecemeal. While the US federal government only managed to take control over macro and financial policy by means of the US civil war.
    So it is foolish to think for a meeting or debate to introduce a pan-European legislative body. There will be no constitutional congress in Europe.
    Instead Europe is to look at its own identity, not from the enlightened ideals of statehood fashionable in the late 18th and 19th century. The European notion of State is much older, much more complex and paradoxal. European politics is first and foremost defined by privileges. Sovereignty is a privileged earned. Towns, courts, states, all earned the right to exercise law, to be free from the laws of others. This process has been continuous from the high Middle Ages onwards. Slowly Europe had emerged out of a nearly Hobbesian state of feudal society, into a complex modern world tight together by a balance between the rights and privileges of the individual and the believes and the interest of the community and its neighboring localities.
    Today we have an abstract European community that resides in Brussels. Yet European communities have existed before, transcending language and cultures, economic and political interest. Christian Europe united by a common gospel and Roman law exists for nearly one and a half millennia. The Latin speaking world survived the continents darkest hours. The renaissance was a cultural and intellectual movement that inspired the entire continent. Humanism facilitated and articulated the first modern notions of statehood, formalized justice, codified the right to govern once own community; the freedom of interference by foreigners or higher princes. While ironically, the aristocracy was the foremost European community if there ever was one.
    The US model is relatively new. Its evolution runs parallel to the advent of modern ideas since the French revolution onward: the rediscovery of democratic ideals, the introduction of purely civic law, the understanding of the state as an absolute abstract authority, the embodiment of the people in flags and songs, the emergence of the national identity, centralized taxation and industrial and economic development.
    By stressing the antiquity of the European of statecraft, I want to exemplify how the state is defined and understood differently all the time. It is wisdom to understand there can be no consensus on what constitutes the ideal government.
    Europe. Europeans govern themselves, and call their governments many different names. Most Europeans also have very bad experiences with a government that pretend to be a fair arbiter between the various localities that harbors the various communities that represent the European spirit. The papacy failed in its attempt to bring the universal peace. Charlemagne was but an anomaly. Charles the V wisely split the Habsburg Empire into two spheres of influence. His contemporaries considered napoleon the anti-Christ. The totalitarian states devised by communist and fascist leaders are the one single reason Europe started European integration in the first place.
    If you look for a European community, do not in Brussels. There is no shared interest to be found. Yet this does not mean there are no communities in Europa that share a continental interest. For example, the cities of Europe share a common ideal of what a European city constitutes, the European farmer has a shared interest, labor unions cooperate, the world of finance constantly share information, industrialists negotiate resource allocation, environmentalists are not national in scope, religious communities worship the same deity. These communities need a platform to facilitate cooperation, but as citizens, these people that comprise these communities, do not generally want a European government.

    1. Commented
      100%

      Zsolt Hermann

      I agree with you on multiple counts.
      Europe cannot be compared to the USA since there the different nationalities built a new country working out their cooperation along the way.
      In Europe any cooperation, federalism should be built above the century long differences, hatred, prejudice which simply did not exist in the USA when it became a single federal state.
      I also agree with you that whatever cooperation Europe decides on cannot happen in a top down manner, as all those attempts failed in the past regardless of their ideology.
      The only way a deeper integration,, a true cooperation can be built is by positive motivation, by showing the people that it is in their best interest to combine their forces, balance their positive and negative attributes in a way that together they become much stronger, and can prosper better than staying alone.
      If such positive motivation can be found and proven to the people nobody would oppose it and people would happily accept a supra national governance structure, since their everyday life would not be affected much anyway. Even today most of the important economical, financial, cultural decisions, various influences reach us from outside of our own countries, both physically and virtually we are totally intermingled, nationalistic issues come to the fore mainly due to political manipulations or during sporting events.
      The bottom line is that today we evolved into such a global, integral, interdependent human network that local, fragmented and self calculating governance does not make sense any longer and it only contributes to the deepening of the global crisis instead of solving it.
      We have multiple scientific studies, publications around us proving the nature of our global, interconnected system, and that in such systems only full integration and mutual responsibility and consideration can achieve long lasting results and sustainable future.
      Thus the next phase of human development starts with a global education program creating the basis for the necessary positive motivation helping us to build the single unified human system that is adapted to the global world of the 21st century.

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